Evaluation of the efficiency of color traps and some insecticides in the population density of green peach Myzus persicae Sulzer on tomato plant

This study aims to study the population density of the Peach Aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer and compared the efficiency of color traps with some insecticides Acetampride (ACelan 20% SL), Imidacloprid (Confidor 20% SL), Tiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG) and cold aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica seeds and Ricinus communis seeds in the insect control, The study was conducted in the Ishaqi city, Salahedin Governorate famous which known the cultivation of tomato Soalnum lycopersicum .The highest average of insects caught during May 2020 was 85.42 adult/plant, while the lowest insects reached 12.50 adult/plant during March 2020 in the first site while the highest average of insects caught during May reached 86.21 adult/plant, while the lowest rate was 22.35 adult/plant during the March in the second site This study show that the yellow color more attractive colors than white and red and shows that the red color less attractive colors. The highest mortality rate of acetampride was 92.3% after 24 h of treatment ,while the highest mortality rate of thiamethoxam and amidacloprid was 85.65% and 55.52%, respectively, after 24 h of treatment.The results showed the effect of cold water extracts on mortality of M .persicae Sulzer was 67.42% for the A.indica seeds, while the mortality rate was 78.59% for the R . communis , after 24 h, highest mortality rate of acetambride was 87.1% after 72 h of treatment, while highest mortality of thiamethoxam and amidacloprid was 71.3% and 49.2%, respectively, after 72 h of treatment. The results showed the effect of cold water extracts on mortality of M . persicae Sulzer, causes a mortality rate of 45.23% for the cold water extra of A . indica , while the mortality rate was 58.46% for the cold water extracts of castor plant R .communis after 72 h of treatment .


INTRODUCTION
Tomato is characterized by its many varieties, mostly seed, and is infected by insects, which make up 80% of the arthropods almost (Almanshawi and Awsat, 2015) .Insects with other pests play a negative and significant role in agricultural production, and experts in plant protection at FAO have estimated the losses caused by these pests by one-third of global production of crops both in the fields and in storage (Hosny and Mahmoud, 1997). Insects are one of the most densely populated species on the planet, accounting for 50% of the number of living organisms and 72% of the total number of animals living on the planet (Zarzis and Mohammed,2005) . Insect pests either lend leaves, roots, dig inside branches, or make tunnels between the two, or feed on the fruits leading to the decomposition and death or feed by sucking juice (Fernandez et al., 2017). Aphids feed on the tissues of modern plants, forming honeydew, but at a lower rate than other types of aphids that reduce the growth rate of the plant and thus affect the value of the total yield of the crop. Yellow spots can be seen on the surface of the leaves. Aphids secrete honeydew, which has severe damage, as the Sooty mold grows on the surface of plant leaves, clogging the respiratory stomata, which reduces the regularity of the plants' physiological processes, which results in stunting of the affected plant and leaf curl and wilting (Capinera,2001). The eggs are small, elongated or oval in shape, yellow or green in color, which then turn black. They are 0.6 mm long and 0.3 mm wide and are attached to trees throughout the winter ,nymphs are small in size that start green and quickly turn yellow. They grow and become wingless females called the Stem mother or Fundatrics, who reproduce as parthenogentic (Capinera, 2001), feed the nymphs and adults absorb the juice of plant leaves, leading to the emergence of yellow spots become silver because of the lack of chlorophyll, and then dried leaves (Blackman and Eastop,2017). M. presice can reproduce sexually on the tomato plant, and the sex ratio changes in the field during the season, where the ratio tends to favor females. The use of four plant extracts belonging to different plants works to reduce directly or indirectly without leaving a harmful effect on the plant (Ramzan et al.,2016). The use of sticky traps reduced the numbers of eggs and nymph Ibrahim,2017). Pesticides have a high impact due to their high solubility in water (Van toor et al 2016). Th present research aims to study the numerical density of green peach aphids M .persicae Sulzer compared the efficiency of insecticides (Acetampride (ACelan 20%) SL, Imidacloprid (Confidor 20% SL), Tiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG) and cold aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica seeds and Ricinus communi seeds) on tomato plant during season 2020 using the spray method.

PREPERAING OF THE EXTRACTS
The seeds of the Azadirachta indica and Ricinus communi were purchased from the local market the samples were diagnosed in the lawn of the Faculty of Science, Tikrit University, according (Herbarium, 1984) method preparing aqueous extracts we take 20 grams of the dry weight of the seeds which taken after grinding and each was placed in a 100 ml glass jar containing 30 ml of distilled water and then mixing the material with an electric mixer for 15 minutes and leaving the solution for 30 minutes after which it was filtered by a piece of tulle to separate the large impurities.The filtrate was transferred to the Hera centrifuge at a speed of 1000 rpm/minute for 15 minutes to precipitate the lesser phytoplankton and obtain a clear plant extract. The filtrate was taken and evaporated with a rotary evaporator at a temperature of 40 ° C then the filtrate was dried in an electric oven between 40-50 ° C for the purpose of obtaining the dry raw material at a weight of 8 g take 20 g of dry raw material from each extract separately and dissolve in 100 ml distilled water to obtain a concentration . Then prepare the concentrations (2.5, 5, and 7. 5 mg / ml) (Mitscher et al,1977) , use water for control. The results were statistically analyzed according to the Randomized Complete Block Design and the results were compared using the DMRT Duncan's Multiple Range Test at 0.05 probability level (Ibramim, 2017).
Filed carried out in two areas were selected from Al-Ishaqi in Salahedin governorate which is famous for tomato plant. The experiment started at the beginning of March 2020 and continued for three months. The green peach aphids M .persicae was diagnosed based on the insect's diagnostic characteristics. An area of 40 x 100 m 2 was chosen for the purpose of the study, with an area of 4 x 5 m 2 defined for each side of the four fields in addition to the middle of the field, and samples were taken from the four sides of each field in addition to the filed middle teaching of five plants for each side in addition to a plant in the middle, sticky traps yellow, white and red color was used to take weekly readings to estimate the numerical density of green peach aphids. Samples are taken at the time of insect activity, which is usually in the early morning hours, and counting is done directly in the field by magnifying eye lens insecticides Acetampride (ACelan 20%) SL, Imidacloprid (Confidor 20% SL), Tiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG) were obtained from local markets, and used a 100-liter sprinkler intended for field use.plants were sprayed using a spray method that distributes pesticides evenly to leaves of plants,account was done after (24,72) h of the numerical density .The mortality rate was then found by the Abbot, (1920).. All agricultural operations such as fertilization, regular irrigation was carried out during the study period.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1.3Average number of the green peach aphid M. persicae in the first site.
In the first site the numerical density of green peach aphid M .persicae, noting that it increased with the progress of the season and the highest average numerical density reached 85.42 adult/plant in the month of May, while the lowest average numerical density reached 12.50 adult/plant in March.The reason of the increase in numerical density with a time of the year was due to the increase in the branches, the limitation of growth, the higher of the temperature levels that these insects depend on for their feeding, and the continuous rise in temperature is one of the important factors that affect insect reproduction. There are significant differences in the average number of insects caught in the container and the three colors used in this study where it is noted that the yellow color most attractive followed by white and the color red color sticky traps. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the numerical density between months, according to the Duncan's test as will as the statistical analysis also showed that there were significant differences in the numerical density between the adhesive traps according to the Duncan's test.

2.3.Average number of the green peach aphid M. persicae in the second site.
In the second site the numerical density of green peach aphid, noting that it increased with the progress of the season and the highest average numerical density reached 86.2 adult/plant in the month of May, while the lowest average numerical density reached 22.35 adult/plant in March. The reason for the increase in numerical density with a time of the year it is due to the increase in the branches, the limitation of growth, the higher of the temperature levels that these insects depend on for their feeding, and the continuous rise in temperature is one of the important factors that affect insect reproduction. There are significant differences in the average number of insects caught by the sticky color traps and the three colors used in this study where it is noted that the yellow color most attractive followed by red and then Red and then white. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the numerical density between months, according to the Duncan's test as will as the statistical analysis also showed that there were significant differences in the numerical density between the adhesive traps according to the Duncan's test this study agree with (Ibramim,2017) that the yellow color most attractive colors of are the green peach aphide Myzus persicae Sulzer when comparing the yellow color with the color.
Table1 .The average number of insects for the the M .persicae in the first and second site.
*Similar letters in one row mean no significant differences. *The large similar letters in the one column indcated no significant differences.

The effect of insecticides on the M .persicae sulzer after 24 h treatment.
All pesticides used caused the mortality rate of the M .persicae Sulzer after 24 hours of treatment, where acetamide recorded the highest mortality rate of 92.3%, while the insecticides thiamethoxam, imidacloprid recorded the mortality rate of 86.65%, 55.52%, respectively, after 24 hours of treatment. The results showed the effect of cold water extracts on mortality the M .persicae Sulzer after 24 hours, where the killing rate was 67.42% for the A .indica while the mortality rate was 78.59% for the castor plant R.communis figure (1). Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the treatments, as the acetamide was more effective than the rest of the pesticides after 24 hours of treatment because of the ability of the insecticides to dissolve in water, imidacloprid was the least affected due to its low solubility in the water.  communis, it appears that the mortality rates increase with increasing on the duration of treatment on one hand and with increasing concentrations used,on the other hand, Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the treatments, as the acetampride was more effective than the rest of the pesticides after 24 h of treatment because of the ability of the pesticide to dissolve in water, while the amide clonidine was the least affected due to its low solubility in the water (Al-Jabri,1984) , and is distributed in all parts of the plant it as a spray (Abboud, 2018).
These results agree with (Van toor et al,2016) that acetampride had asignificant effect on green peach aphids M .persicae. The results also showed that the effect of the pesticide decreased after 48 h of treatment .These results agree with (Wang and Zeng, 2017) that amidclopride had effect on green peach aphids M .persicae. These results agree with (Nadeem et al,2018) concluding M peach aphide reen rates of on g mortality showed different that acetampride, amidacloprid effect of the time in increasing or asignificant The results indicated that there was .persicae. decreasing the mortality rate, as the mortality rate was high after 24 h and decreased after 72 h of treatment, and these results agree with (Amjad et al,2016) that the time factor has an impact on the mortality rate.

CONCLUSIONS
The study demonstrated the efficiency of the aqueous extracts of A .indica and R .communis seeds in controlling the green peach aphids M .persicae on tomato plant S. lycopersicum compared to the chemical insecticides (Acetampride (ACelan 20%) SL, Imidacloprid (Confidor 20% SL), Tiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG) that also showed their efficiency in the control. Therefore, the aqueous extracts of A .indica and R .communis seeds can be used in controlling green peach aphids M .persicae.