Authors
1 Department of Agribusiness and Rural Development, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani,Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
2 Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
3 Department of Agribusiness and Rural Development, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Abstract
Water is the wonder of nature which is an essential source of nutrients for all forms to sustain life. Water is necessary for digestion, energy metabolism, absorption, transportation of nutrients and metabolites to and from body tissues, cellular functions, elimination of waste materials from our bodies (humans and animals), and excess heat from the body. Furthermore, water plays an important role in the bodies thermoregulatory and electrolyte health, and the performance of the fluidity and cushioning environment for the developing fetus in the human and animals. The quality of water determines the health and productivity of milk and its quality, and results in the bioaccumulation of water solutes in the milk and body tissues. Therefore, its property has to be good for the optimum health, and performance of dairy cattle. The high-altitude environments have restricted surface and groundwater resources and are more dependent on snow precipitations, very deep bore well groundwater, and Mountain Rivers. Recently, the quality of high-altitude water resources has become questionable because of more environmental pollution, climate change, and high anthropogenic activities at high altitudes. Therefore, there is an ongoing requirement to monitor water quality, dairy product quality, and cattle health for the prevention and control of waterborne diseases. This review reveals the water property and the probable effects on the health performance of dairy cattle with a particular emphasis on high-altitude regions. From this review, we can that global warming and an increase in tourists in high-altitude regions have caused the deterioration of water quality, which may affect the health, reproduction, and production of quality dairy products. This may lead to the bioaccumulation of some toxic molecules and metals into the higher food chain and affect public health.
Keywords
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