Fares Sabah Awad Al-Dulaimi; Taher A. Shujaa; Maysaloon W. Ibrahim
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 1-7
Abstract
This study was conducted in the animal field of the College of Agriculture University of Tikrit for a period of 70days precession this period 14 day as adaptation starting from 8/10/2020 to 16/12/2020. Sixteen Awassi lambs were used, aged 5-6 months, with an average weight of 26.2 ± 0.3 kg. The experimental ...
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This study was conducted in the animal field of the College of Agriculture University of Tikrit for a period of 70days precession this period 14 day as adaptation starting from 8/10/2020 to 16/12/2020. Sixteen Awassi lambs were used, aged 5-6 months, with an average weight of 26.2 ± 0.3 kg. The experimental treatments were, first, the control 98% barley (farmer diet), the second 88% barley + 5% soybean meal+ 5% vegetable fat and the third 83% barley + 10% Soybean meal+ 5% fat and the fourth 78% barley + 15% soybeans+ 5% fat with addition to 1% salts and 1% vitamins and minerals for all treatment. The lambs were fed concentrate feed at 3% of live weight on a dry matter basis with 100 grams/day/lamb straw. The results showed that second, third and fourth treatments significantly (P≤0.05) improved final weight, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio compared to the first treatment, the third and fourth treatments (P≤0.05) increased in the daily weight gain, final weight and feed conversion efficiency compared to the second treatment. Significant (P≤0.05) differences were also found in some biochemical characteristics of blood, as increased in percentage of Triglycerides, blood urea and albumin in fourth treatment of lambs compared to ether experimental treatment, while no significant differences were found between experiment groups in proportion of glucose, creatinine, total protein, and the enzyme AST and ALT. note that all blood measurements of the experiment lambs were within normal limits.
Khaldon Aziz Hammed Al-Azawie; Taher Abdullateef Shujaa
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 8-13
Abstract
The study was carried out at the farm located at the Animal Production Farm, College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Tikrit, For the period from 1stDesember 2019 to 9ᵗʰ February 2020 (70 days) excluding 14 days as an adaptation period. The aim of this study find source of nitrogen alternative ...
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The study was carried out at the farm located at the Animal Production Farm, College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Tikrit, For the period from 1stDesember 2019 to 9ᵗʰ February 2020 (70 days) excluding 14 days as an adaptation period. The aim of this study find source of nitrogen alternative soybean meal for fattening Awassi lambs. Twelve Awassi lambs were used, aged from 4-5 months, with an average starting body weight of 23.5 ± 1.12 kg. Three formulation diets were randomly allocated to three groups of animals. Group one (T1 control) 14.7% soybean meal, Group two(T2) 7.5% soybean meal with 5.5% corn gluten meal and the third group 11% corn gluten meal.). All the experiment diets were supplemented with 1% salts and 1% vitamins and minerals with different levels of barley and wheat bran. Lambs were fed concentrate feed at 3% of live body weight on a dry matter basis with 200 grams of roughage (straw) day/lamb. The results of this study indicated that the addition of 11% corn gluten meal (T3) significantly (p≤0.05) higher in final weight, average daily gain, total weight and feed conversion efficiency compared to the addition of soybean alone or mixture soybeans with corn gluten meal. The results also showed that there were no significant differences in total protein concentration, albumin and globulin concentration, triglyceride concentration, cholesterol and urea concentrations in serum, and creatinine concentration.
Bakhan Rafiq Hassan; Nasreen Muhialddin Abdulrahman; Vian Muhammed Ahmad; Shagul Jalal Mohammed
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 14-22
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate how different fish weights and clove powder concentration levels together influence anesthesia and recovery time in Cyprinus carpio. Two different body weights classes of common carp (45±5g and 95±5g) were subjected to three concentrations of clove powder (200, 300 and ...
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This study aimed to demonstrate how different fish weights and clove powder concentration levels together influence anesthesia and recovery time in Cyprinus carpio. Two different body weights classes of common carp (45±5g and 95±5g) were subjected to three concentrations of clove powder (200, 300 and 400mg/L) each replicated four times. At each treatment combination, the anesthetic induction and recovery times were recorded, fish held for a period of one week to two months following the experiments to assess short-term and long-term mortality. Significant differences (P<0.05) appeared in the effect of combination between the different levels of clove powder (mg/L) with the two different weight common carp (C. carpio L.) on anesthesia time, but there was no difference in recovery time between the two size groups. The induction time was less than one minute for doses of 300 and 400 mg/L in lower fish weight 45±5g while in 200mg/L dose with 95±5g of fish weight it needed more than 9 minutes. At all tested concentrations, induction time was significantly weight-dependent (p< 0.05), but the recovery time was not. Significant alterations were recorded in the hematological variables of the fish (RBC, HB, MCH and WBC), no mortality was observed. This study has demonstrated that clove powder can be safely and effectively use in the anesthesia of common carp and anesthesia time affect by doses of clove powder with fish weight.
Entisar D. Mustafa; Bayan Y. AL-Abdullah; Faryal F. Hussein
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 23-38
Abstract
The study included a group of breastfeeding mothers from Salah al-Din Governorate and the surrounding villages, and the nursing mothers were divided into two groups and the number of breastfeeding mothers in each group was 6 mothers, three mothers in the city and three mothers in the village, and they ...
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The study included a group of breastfeeding mothers from Salah al-Din Governorate and the surrounding villages, and the nursing mothers were divided into two groups and the number of breastfeeding mothers in each group was 6 mothers, three mothers in the city and three mothers in the village, and they were given nutritional supplements for vitamins and fatty acids, both according to his group. Results for breastfeeding mothers' milk before and after giving them nutritional supplements, there are differences in the levels of vitamins and fatty acids. It was noticed that the level of vitamins in the milk after nursing mothers took the nutritional supplement differed, so it was retinol (242-268) μg / L for mothers in the city and (213-260). g / L for mothers in the village and β--carotene (320-367) μg / L for mothers in town and (315-361) μg / L for mothers in the village and α-tocopherol (182-279) g / L for mothers in town and (120-225) μg / L for mothers in the village and calciferol (309-382) μg / L for mothers in the city and (258-269) μg / L for mothers in the village. As for the omega group for breastfeeding mothers, the levels of fatty acids in their milk were after Breastfeeding mothers take a nutritional supplement only and Mega (3,6,9) all fatty acids in the milk of breastfeeding mothers increased, so it was for lauric acid (18.02-20.01) mg / L for mothers in the city and (18.02-20.11) mg / L for mothers in the village and for palmitic acid (18.07-24.25) mg / L for mothers in the city and (24.25-26.15) mg / L for mothers in the village and for oleic acid (14.09-29.93) mg / L for mothers in the city and (29.43-29.13) mg / L for mothers in the village and for linoleic acid (22.13-28.16) mg / L for mothers in the city and (22.11-22.14) mg / L for mothers in the village, and for linoleic acid (22.26-26.59) mg / L for mothers in the city and (26.15-26.54) mg / L for mothers in the village and for Arachidonic acid (12.94-18.15) mg / L for mothers in the city and (12.94-18.15) mg / L for mothers in the village, and this explains that breast milk is directly affected by the nutritional intake and nutritional supplements taken by breastfeeding mothers during the breastfeeding period
Ali Sabah M. Saleh Al-Tikriti; Feryal Farooq Husain; Bayan Y. Al – Abdulla
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 39-49
Abstract
The current study was conducted in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture and Animal House of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Tikrit University for the period from 5/5/2020 to 29/10/2020. And it aimed to produce therapeutic food mixtures to treat people with malnutrition and to know their ...
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The current study was conducted in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture and Animal House of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Tikrit University for the period from 5/5/2020 to 29/10/2020. And it aimed to produce therapeutic food mixtures to treat people with malnutrition and to know their impact on the health of the small intestine and large intestine. Where three ready-to-use therapeutic food mixtures have been prepared (do not need to be prepared or cooked before eating) consisting of milk, sprouted oats, non-sprouted oats, Sesame, Rice, chickpeas, Dates, bananas, apples, potatoes and oil, provided that the moisture and fat content does not exceed 2.5% and 32%, the percentage of protein and carbohydrates is not less than 14% and 40% respectively, and they were given to Thirty healthy rats and divided into six groups equally, a control group (+) natural, control group (-) (malnourished for a period of time 48 days), 1st, 2nd, 3d and 4th. The studied groups were affected with malnutrition for a period of 24 days, then the first food mixture was given to the 1st, the second food mixture for the 2nd, the third food mixture for 3d, the standard food mixture F-100 for the 4th. After 24 days of consuming the prepared nutritional mixtures, the tissues of the small and large intestine were examined under a microscope. The histological analysis of the small intestine showed that the 1st and the 2nd gave completely healthy tissues to the small intestine similar to the control group (+) and the 4th, while the 3d showed congestion in the blood vessels with hyperplasia of intestinal epithelial cells compared to the control group (-) which showed High-intensity cellular degeneration in the lining cells of the intestine with chronic and acute inflammations. As for the large intestine, the 1st gave a complete recovery of colon tissue, similar to the control group (+) and the 4th, while the 2nd and 3d showed pathological changes that included infiltration and local grouping of inflammatory cells in the submucosal layer of the colon and flattening of the villi and their union with acute inflammation compared to a control group (- ), Which showed pathological changes represented by infiltration of inflammatory cells with an overgrowth of mesenteric lymph tissue and multiple lymph sacs. It was found that the first nutritional mixture prepared on which the 1st of rats fed give similar results to the results of the control group (+) and the 4th
Niran hamad hazaa; Mohammed A. Jassim
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 50-55
Abstract
The current study aims to manufacture edible gelatin membranes with added vegetable alcohol extracts of thyme and green tea, noting the inhibition of negative e bacteria. Escherichia Coli and the positive pigment of staphylococcus aureus at concentration (0.100, 0.250, 0.500, 0.750, 1.000 mg). In addition ...
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The current study aims to manufacture edible gelatin membranes with added vegetable alcohol extracts of thyme and green tea, noting the inhibition of negative e bacteria. Escherichia Coli and the positive pigment of staphylococcus aureus at concentration (0.100, 0.250, 0.500, 0.750, 1.000 mg). In addition to determining the effect of alcoholic plant extracts on the micro-content of soft cheese stored for 14 days and at a temperature of 7°C. Where microbial changes were observed through which 4 transactions of soft cheese were used and the treatment (T1) soft cheese was treated (T2) soft cheese wrapped in gelato membranes (T3) soft cheese coated with gluten membranes added to the green alcohol extract (T4) Soft cheese coated with gelatin membranes added to it alcohol thyme extract, the results of the experiment indicated changes where the total number of bacteria reached the end of the storage period of the treatment T1 55× T2 76 × T3 77 × T4 79 × , while the preparation of proteolytic bacteria to the end of the storage period was for the treatment T1 44 × T3 40 × and T4 32 × while T2 gave low results The lipolytic bacteria gave low results for T1and T3 transactions compared to T2 and T4 transactions, while yeasts and rot to the end of the storage period for the T1 and T3 transactions gave low results compared to T2 and T4 transactions. Cheese packaging transactions have prolonged the storage life and reflected the results of the sensory evaluation of the packaged transactions compared to the uncoated transaction and we observed the superiority of the coated cheese by obtaining higher grades during the storage period.
Shahad Khalid Hameed ALjanabi; Alyaa S. Al-Hafud; Maysaloon W. Ibraheem
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 56-62
Abstract
This study was aimed to microbial evaluating and some sensory characteristics of local hens minced meat reserved in polyethylene bags treated with alcoholic clove extract. the experiment include chilled storing of hens meat on 4⁰ C for 10 daysThe study contained three different treatments: first one ...
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This study was aimed to microbial evaluating and some sensory characteristics of local hens minced meat reserved in polyethylene bags treated with alcoholic clove extract. the experiment include chilled storing of hens meat on 4⁰ C for 10 daysThe study contained three different treatments: first one was control the second (B1) alcoholic clove extract 1000mg/ml, the third (B2) alcoholic clove extract 1250 mg/ml. minced hens meat was kept in the treated bags and cooling for (0, 5, 10) days then we made some microbial and sensory tests the results were:1- Treatment three (B2) conducted low percentage in aerobic bacteria and colon bacteria compared with the control.2- Treatment two and three (B1) (B2) conducted noticed improvement in the sensory evaluation specially in flavor and juiciness in different storage periods.3- Treatment three (B2) contributed in extend of shelf-life of preserved meat compared with control.From the foregoing we could conclude that preserve the meat in bags treated with alcoholic clove extract can make high improvement and low the microbial percentage and also can improve the sensory characteristics in chilled hens meat on 4 ⁰C.
Abdul Qadir Hamidi Jassim; Jassim Mohammed Aziz
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 63-72
Abstract
This research was conducted to estimating the stability of eight new genotypes of flax, which are Sakha 1, Sakha 2, Sakha 3, Sakha 5, Sakha 6, Giza 8, Syrian and Poloni . The genotypes were planted in the research station of the Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit during ...
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This research was conducted to estimating the stability of eight new genotypes of flax, which are Sakha 1, Sakha 2, Sakha 3, Sakha 5, Sakha 6, Giza 8, Syrian and Poloni . The genotypes were planted in the research station of the Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit during the season (2019/2020), It included six agriculture environments, which are the combination of two planting distances (5 and 10 cm) and three planting dates, and it was applied according to the split-plot system in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Plants were distributed in separate plots by four lines for each genotype in each environment, were the length of the line was (2 m) and the distance between the lines was (0.40 m). The main plots contained agricultural environments and the sub plot contained the genotypes. The study included thirteen traits, the duration to 50% flowering and plant height, the number of vegetative branches, and the number of capsules per plant , Number of seeds per capsule, seed yield per plant, The 1000 seed weight, average leaf weight, biological yield, leaf percentage, seed yield, and harvest index. The results showed that the genotypes that occurred in the α area , which were of moderate stability, were (Sakha 2) in the traits of plant height, (Syrian and Sakha 3) in the number of vegetative branches, (Sakha 2 and Sakha 5) in the number of seeds per capsule and (Sakha 1 ,Giza 8) in average the leaves weight and (Sakha 3 and Sakha 1) in the percentage of leaves and (Sakha 5 and Poloni) in the harvest index, The genotypes that are adapted to environments with high productivity were shown as (Sakha 5 and Poloni) in duration to 50% flowering, (Syrian) in plant height, (Giza 8) in the period to maturity, (Sakha 3, Giza 8) in the number of capsules and (Syrian and Sakha 3 and Sakha 1) in The number of seeds per capsule, (Syrian and Sakha 3) in the seed yield of the plant, (Sakha 6) in the weight of 1000 seeds, (Poloni) in the average leaf weight, (Sakha 3) in the biological yield, (Giza 8) in the leaf percentage, and (Syrian and Sakha 6) in the seed yield and (Syrian) in the Harvest index.
Payam Farooq Ali; Aram Abbas Mohammed
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 73-83
Abstract
To investigate the growth and yield of two bread wheat varieties Alaa and Hasad in two different agro-climatic zones (ACZ), two different field experiments were carried out in Sulaimani and Halabja agro-climatic zones(SAZ and HAZ) during the 2019-2020 season. The wheat varieties were treated with three ...
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To investigate the growth and yield of two bread wheat varieties Alaa and Hasad in two different agro-climatic zones (ACZ), two different field experiments were carried out in Sulaimani and Halabja agro-climatic zones(SAZ and HAZ) during the 2019-2020 season. The wheat varieties were treated with three levels of nitrogen fertilization ( 80, 120, and 160 ) Kg ha-1 as N1, N2, and N3 and foliar application of trace elements Zn as (ZNSO4) and Fe (FeSO4.7H2O) 0.5 g/ 750ml, during the reproductive stage with 15 days difference among them. Differences in the thermal capacity as accumulated Growing Degree Days (GDD) between both agro-climatic zones resulted in significant variation in the growth performance of both varieties. The accumulation of dry matter was evaluated along the growing season through seven sampling dates with two weeks interval. There were differences in the relative growth rate(RGR) of both varieties in both ACZs, and the RGR of Alaa variety in SAZ was (0.131 to 0.190) g g-1 d-1, while it recordes at Halabja agroclimatic zone between (0.172 – 0.221)g g-1 d-1. However, the RGR of Hasad was between (0.135-0.207) g g-1d-1 at SAZ and (0.185-0.253)g g-1d-1 at HAZ. The higher results of GDD, the total grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index at HAZ can be explained by favorite conditions provided at HAZ than that obtained at SAZ. That exhibited in optimum mebolization of applied fertilization and higher heat use efficiency at HAZ(2.219 and 3.327kg grain ha-1 deg days-1 for Alaa variety with V1N2F0 and V1N3F0 respectively, and Hasad variety showed 2.045 and 2.818 kg grain ha-1 deg days-1 with V2N1F0 and V2N3F0 respectively. Differences in thermal capacity of different locations can be used for classification of agricultural zones in future studies.
Hekmat Noori Mahmood
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 84-98
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an annual oil crop that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The experimental studies were conducted at two different research stations in the Kurdistan Regional of Iraq to determine various liquid NPK application methods on the growth, yield, and yield components ...
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Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an annual oil crop that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The experimental studies were conducted at two different research stations in the Kurdistan Regional of Iraq to determine various liquid NPK application methods on the growth, yield, and yield components of three safflower varieties. The experimental design was a complete block design under split-plot system with three replications. NPK application methods (Foliar, Fertigation, Foliar + Fertigation) and no fertilizer application are the main plots. While three safflower varieties (Iden, AL-Shamia, and Zaafarani) as sub-plots. Foliar NPK application had the highest dry matter yield and seed yield of 29.544ton ha-1 and 7.185ton ha-1, respectively, at the average of both locations. Zaafarani safflower variety recorded the maximum dry matter yield and seed yield of 22.204ton ha-1 and 4.794ton ha-1, respectively, at the average of both locations. However, the statistical analysis for both locations' average shows non-significant differences between Iden and Zaafarani varieties have the highest performance for seed yield under foliar NPK application. Based on the average effectiveness of the different methods of applying NPK and safflower varieties on most components of growth, yield, and yield components, the order was as follows: Foliar > Foliar + Fertigation > Fertigation > Control. While for safflower varieties, it was as follows: Zaafarani > Iden > AL-Shamia. The results indicated that the number of capitula plant-1 is an essential character in safflower's seed yield.
Shara J. Hama
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 99-111
Abstract
This experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2016-2017 at the Qlyasan Agricultural Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, using split plot design the main plots conducted in (RCBD) with three replicates to study the effect of three levels ...
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This experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2016-2017 at the Qlyasan Agricultural Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, using split plot design the main plots conducted in (RCBD) with three replicates to study the effect of three levels of NPK fertilizer on the growth, yield and yield component of rapeseed varieties. The three varieties; Serw, Hybrid and Reandy were implemented in the sub plots, three NPK fertilizer levels (0, 150 and 300) kg NPK ha-1 from NPK fertilizer complex (15-15-15), were implemented in the main plot. Results of this investigation confirm that variety Reandy produced the best values for most characters, and application of 300Kg NPK ha-1 was found to be the best level for this crop. The character seed yield showed positive and highly significant correlation with most characters including plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of pods per plant, the weight of pod per plant, 1000-seed weight, dry matter weight per plant, LA, and biological yield. Maximum positive direct effect on seed yield recorded by weight of pod per plant which was 0.495, while Maximum positive indirect effect on seed yield was 0.483 recorded by weight of pod per plant via number of pods per plant.
Avin Noori Mirza; Jalal H. S. Ismael; Sidiq A. Sidiq kasnazany
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 112-129
Abstract
Fruit samples of strawberry were collected from local markets in Sulaimani Governorate/Iraq which they are imported from Turkey and Iran.Two different methods for identifying the fungi were used; morphologically, depending on some characteristic such as the shape of the spores, the color and the general ...
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Fruit samples of strawberry were collected from local markets in Sulaimani Governorate/Iraq which they are imported from Turkey and Iran.Two different methods for identifying the fungi were used; morphologically, depending on some characteristic such as the shape of the spores, the color and the general shape of the fungus. Also to confirm the diagnosis fungal, molecular method was used. The mycotic observations showed that there were nine distinct fungi. The molecular data was blasted at NCBI checked and the identification rate was between 97-100%. The diagnosed fungi were (Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, Nigrospora sphaerica, Penicillium raistrickii, Penicillium griseofulvum and Rhizopus stolonifer). The highest infestation percent was recorded for A. niger 26.02%, while the lowest was for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae 1.08%, pathogenicity test was performed for the isolated fungi and revealed that all of the fungi were pathogenic more than 90%. Samples from local markets showed no significant differences in disease incidence and the severity of the disease. For management of the fungi associated with strawberries, different method have been used in vitro (rosemary and pomegranate) plant extracts, salicylic acid (SA), potassium metabisulphite (KMS) and two fungicides. 1% and 2% rosemary plant extracts gave the highest inhibition of (P. griseofulvum) also, pomegranate peel extract 4% had a significant effect on (N. sphaerica). In addition SA were effective on all fungi and KMS had the same as the fungi excepted (R. stolonifera) compared to control treatment.
Riyadh Dawood Khudhar Algharb; Mahmoud Fadhel Al-Douri; Jamil Yassin Al-Tamim
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 130-143
Abstract
The study was conducted during the two growing seasons (2019 and 2020) on grape vines in the Lubnanian Halawani and Kamali varieties in the orchard of grapes cultivated in 2016 inthe Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design - College of Agriculture- University of Tikrit,. An experiment was including ...
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The study was conducted during the two growing seasons (2019 and 2020) on grape vines in the Lubnanian Halawani and Kamali varieties in the orchard of grapes cultivated in 2016 inthe Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design - College of Agriculture- University of Tikrit,. An experiment was including three factors, the first was considering the varieties (Halawani and Kamali), and the second factor was the addition of Agricultural Sulfur (S )to the soil, at three levels, S0 (no sulfur added), S1 (250 g. Grapevine-1), S2 (500 gm. Grapevine-1). The third factor was spraying the leaves withSuper Docson nutrient at three different concentrations: P0 (spraying with distilled water), P1 (spraying with the Super Docson nutrient with three concentrations: P0 (spraying with distilled water), P1 (at a concentration of 1.2 ml. L-1 water), and P2 (at a concentration of 2.4 ml. L-1 water), and the Super Docson nutrient sprays which contains the diffuser (Tween 20) was applied in early morning and until complete wetness A factorial experiment was carried out with the split plot system according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), where the varieties took the main plates, while the sulfur and nutrient treatments and their interactions were randomly distributed on the sub plot by three replications and the results showed: The Halawani variety superiority in most of the studied traits at the level (250 g. Vine-1) and the concentration (1.2 ml. L-1), except for the concentration of the element phosphorus in the leaves, where the Kamali variety was superior in this characteristic as perfection at the same level and concentration. The double interaction between sulfur and nutrient exceeded the level (250 g. Vine-1) and the concentration (1.2 ml. L-1) in most of the studied traits and for both seasons. As for the triple interaction between the variety, sulfur and nutrient, the Halawani variety was superior at the level (250 g. Vine-1) and concentration (1.2 ml. L-1) in most of the studied traits for both seasons.
Raghad Tahrir Salim Al-Shallal; Thamir Abdulla Al-Zahwan
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 144-149
Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the lathhouse the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University during the spring of 2020. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of humic acid and NPK fertilizers on the vegetative growth and flowering of Pelargonium ...
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The experiment was carried out in the lathhouse the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University during the spring of 2020. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of humic acid and NPK fertilizers on the vegetative growth and flowering of Pelargonium graveolens L. Two factors including humic acid fertilizer (without, with addition at 3 g pot-1) and chemical fertilizer NPK (without addition, addition at 1g L-1, or at 2 g L-1) were used. The experiment was implemented according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that addition of humic acid had the highest percentage of phosphorus in the leaves (0.447%). On the other hand, the treatment of 1g liter-1 NPK was superior in plant height (42.330 cm plant -1) and number of flowers (34.718) while the treatment of 2g L-1 had the highest number of leaves (217.08) and leaf area (189.06 cm2).
Manar Saleh Hamad; Hassan Thamer Zanzal
Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2021, Pages 150-160
Abstract
The importance of research is highlighted in seeking to increase the dunumah of yield, which leads to providing indicators for decision-makers in drawing agricultural policy and managing production resources in an efficient manner. The research problem is focused on the lack of knowledge of cucumber ...
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The importance of research is highlighted in seeking to increase the dunumah of yield, which leads to providing indicators for decision-makers in drawing agricultural policy and managing production resources in an efficient manner. The research problem is focused on the lack of knowledge of cucumber growers in the Kirkuk Governorate - Hawija district to know the optimal size of farms, which leads to a decline. Production on the one hand and high production costs on the other hand, and given that Iraq is one of the developing countries, it suffers from many production obstacles, including the high elements of economic resources such as seeds, fertilizers, control materials and pesticides or importing them from outside the country, and based on the research problem, it aimed to: estimate the optimal volumes For areas and production of the option crop in the research sample, estimating the proportion of economies of scale achieved for the crop farmers by calculating the elasticity of the average cost function and the function coefficient. The optimum sizes of areas and production for the cucumber crop in Hawija district were extracted by drip irrigation method through the cost functions in the long run and the cost flexibility and function factor of the cucumber yield were extracted in the research sample. )15,517( tons, and the optimum areas of this crop reached (13,453) dunums, so the farmers of the cucumber crop by drip irrigation method do not achieve the optimum volume of production, and this means that there is a deviation from the optimal size of the yield of the research sample and in light of the results reached, the study recommended the adoption of The experiences of the owners of efficient farms and benefiting from them in employing their expertise in inefficient farms in order to reach full levels of efficiency, the need to activate the role of the agricultural extension apparatus in training and directing farmers to adopt modern techniques in irrigation.
