Bestoon Ahmad; Shawnm Saleh
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 1-7
Abstract
The effect of different levels of crud fenugreek leaves on lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage of mutton and beef cattle meat postmortem refrigerated storage was examined. Samples meat of mutton and beef cattle were incorporated with crud fenugreek leaves at four different levels 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ...
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The effect of different levels of crud fenugreek leaves on lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage of mutton and beef cattle meat postmortem refrigerated storage was examined. Samples meat of mutton and beef cattle were incorporated with crud fenugreek leaves at four different levels 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %. Mutton and beef meat in burgers form were subjected to 7 and 10 d postmortem refrigerated storage. Mutton and beef cattle meat marinated with crud fenugreek leaves had significantly lower content of malondialdehyde (MDA) at day 7 and 10 postmortem, respectively. Bacterial counts was lower (p<0.05) in mutton and beef cattle meat contenting crud fenugreek leaves compared to control at 3, 5, 7 and 10 postmortem. Regardless of treatment, postmortem refrigerated storage influenced oxidative and microbial stability of meat. Adding crud fenugreek leaves into mutton and beef cattle meat exhibited effective antimicrobial properties and high antioxidant activity.
Naif Ahmed
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 8-18
Abstract
The current study included collecting samples of water and soil from three main agricultural sites on Aldanfeeli Valley in Mosul city (North Iraq), where soil samples included two from each location, one for agricultural soil watered with untreated Valley water, and the second sample was from the adjacent ...
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The current study included collecting samples of water and soil from three main agricultural sites on Aldanfeeli Valley in Mosul city (North Iraq), where soil samples included two from each location, one for agricultural soil watered with untreated Valley water, and the second sample was from the adjacent uncultivated soils. A fourth site was chosen for the purpose of comparison at the end of Aldanfeeli Valley where the cultivated soil was watered with water of the Tigris River before the confluence of the River Valley. In addition to estimating the concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe) in both water and soils, the present study aimed to identify some chemical and physical properties of the soils, namely: electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter, calcium carbonate, cations and anions, soil texture, and specific gravity. Despite the fact that the waters of Aldanfeeli Valley are poor for agricultural purposes in terms of salinity and total concentrations of both chloride and half of sulphate ions, the results showed that all soils do not suffer from the problems of salinity and alkalinity. Regarding the concentrations of heavy elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe), their averages in the cultivated soils (23.86, 5.98, 75.14, 7.53 and 140.18) p.p.m. respectively, were higher than their counterparts in non-cultivated ones (18.70, 5.47, 36.82, 6.17 and 114.63) p.p.m. respectively. All soil samples especially the cultivated ones indicated higher concentrations than those of the irrigation waters (6.47, 4.87, 8.87, 2.27 and 7.07 p.p.m. respectively. The iron recorded at all sites higher means when compared to the rest elements. These were (140.18 and 114.63) p.p.m. in both the cultivated and noncultivated soils respectively. In both the second and the third sites of the cultivated soils; lead concentration averages of (114.25 and 91.06) μg g-1 respectively, have exceeded its standard limit (50 μg g-1); whereas, cadmium concentration averages in these two sites were (8.23 and 6.88) μg g-1 respectively, have exceeded its critical limit (5 μg g-1).
Ehsan Al-Douri; Ahmed Hasan
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 19-30
Abstract
This study was conducted in the lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design/ College of Agriculture/ Tikrit University during the growing season of 2017 to investigate the effect of magnesium application and the foliar spraying of both gibberellic and salicylic acids on the vegetative ...
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This study was conducted in the lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design/ College of Agriculture/ Tikrit University during the growing season of 2017 to investigate the effect of magnesium application and the foliar spraying of both gibberellic and salicylic acids on the vegetative growth characteristics of peach saplings CV. Miski, aged one year which were grafted on Apricot seedlings. Magnesium was added in three concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg.litre-1) and was labelled as Mg0, Mg1 and Mg2 consecutively. The gibberellic acid was sprayed in three concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg.liter-1) and labelled as GA0,GA1 and GA2 consecutively. Besides the salicylic acid was sprayed with the following concentrations (0, 100 and 200 mg.L-1) and labelled as SA0, SA1 and SA2 consecutively. All these processes were performed starting from April 10 three times, with a time interval of three weeks. The experiment was performed based on the split-plot system in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in which the various magnesium concentrations were added to the main plots and both the gibberellic and salicylic acids were applied to the subplots. The results showed that the addition of magnesium has positively increased the main stem diameter, single leaf area, total leaves area per plant and the relative chlorophyll concentrations in leaves. The height and the diameter of a sapling, length of the branches, leaf area and total leaves area of sapling were increased as a result of foliar spraying with gibberellic acid. The spraying of salicylic acid has a positive effect on the saplings’ characteristics (leaf area, total leaves area and relative chlorophyll concentration in leaves). The dual or triple interaction treatments between the three studied factors had the positive results in most characteristics were investigated.
Harith Rahaman; Amar Saeed; Mohanad Al-hamad
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 31-39
Abstract
This experiment was conducted during autumn growing season of 2016-2017 under unheated greenhouse environment at the field station of college of Agriculture-University of Tikrit to study the effect of seaweed, and organic extracts spraying on growth and yield of tomato's (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) ...
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This experiment was conducted during autumn growing season of 2016-2017 under unheated greenhouse environment at the field station of college of Agriculture-University of Tikrit to study the effect of seaweed, and organic extracts spraying on growth and yield of tomato's (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) three hybrids. The following nutrients were used; Alga600, Seaweed, and Max in addition to control treatment. The three hybrids were; Rakan, Bushra, and Sadouf. The experiment was designed using split plot design with two factors. The experiment results showed that the organic nutrient Alga600 significantly dominated on fruit average weight (146.00 gm. each fruit-1, individual plant yield as it was recorded for 2.33 kg. each plant-1, number of fruits for each plant (16.59 fruits. each plant-1, the yield of experimental unit (46.67 kg), total greenhouse yield (3981.33 kg. each greenhouse-1), texture toughness of fruits, and the pH was 4.88 of nutrient at concentration of 6.14 kg. cm2 respectively. While the Seaweed affected the peel thickness as it was 1.00 mm and the fruit diameter was 6.67 cm. each fruit-1. The effect of hybrids, it was noticed that hybrid Rakan was significantly dominated in fruit peel thickness, fruit texture fruit toughness (0.86 mm) and (6.19 kg. cm2). The following characteristics of yield including fruit yield for each plant (2.05 kg. each plant-1, experimental unit total yield (41.00 kg), total yield of the green house (3.526 tones. green house), number of fruits per each plant (14.69 fruits. plant-1), and fruit average weight (137.67 gm). The hybrid Sadouf was dominated in the pH, which was 4.46.
Mahdi Hamad; Yasir Mohammad
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 40-44
Abstract
Radioactivity was measured for 170 cow's milk samples in Salah-Din governorate. Samples were measured by a gamma spectrometry system, using a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The detector was shielded by 10 cm all sides with cadmium copper in the inner sides. The selected characteristic gamma peaks ...
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Radioactivity was measured for 170 cow's milk samples in Salah-Din governorate. Samples were measured by a gamma spectrometry system, using a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The detector was shielded by 10 cm all sides with cadmium copper in the inner sides. The selected characteristic gamma peaks for the detection of different ware 1460kev for K-40. The energy calibration was performed using a set of standard gamma ray calibration sources Eu-152. The results of show the presence of in all samples of milk. The maximum radioactivity was seen in Baiji city was (424 Bq/kg), while the minimum was seen in Abayaji (256 Bq/kg) and the average of all samples was (341.3 Bq/kg) and the annual effective dose was 0.302`mSv/y.That considered as the annual limit of rang of public recommended by the FAO.
Amal Al-Azzawi; Bayan Al-Abdullah
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 45-54
Abstract
This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Science/College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit for the period 2016/10/1 to 2017/10/1. Results of chemical composition of processed pickles. They included(E:Sour cucumber pickle, F: Carrot pickle with spices herps (slow method),G:Cucumber ...
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This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Science/College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit for the period 2016/10/1 to 2017/10/1. Results of chemical composition of processed pickles. They included(E:Sour cucumber pickle, F: Carrot pickle with spices herps (slow method),G:Cucumber pickles(rapid method),H: Carrot pickles(rapid method), I: Cucumber pickle with spices(slow method herps), J:Soure carrot pickle) showed significant increase to values of moisture ,dry matter ,protein ,fat, ash, carbohydrate, acidity and pH to the pickles J,F.I.G,E,F,H and H respectively, which they were 95.380%, 6.795% ,2.150%, 0.805%, 3.415%,1.910% ,3.130% and 3.99 respectively .Results of physical properties indicated that pickles samples of E,H were significantly higher than the other treatments at hardness and TSS which they were 15.00 mm and 13.00%, respectively .At storage, results revealed a decrease in values of acidity and hardness and increases at pH .The concentrations of Pb ,Cu, and Zn in local pickles were within permitted limits of international organizations or specifications ,WHO, USDA. Concentrations of Zn ,Fe, Ca, and Mg in processed pickles were at the ranges of (0.01-0.11),(0.15- 0.22),(0.09-0.15) and (0.01-0.17) M/ml .Results showed that the highest content of vitamins B1,B2,B6,B9,B3 and C were16.921,13.297 , 17.451,20.086 , 24.117,and12.597 M/ml for E,E,G,J,F, and H samples respectively .The total phenolic compounds content was within the range of 12.00-15.50mg/100g for each G,J respectively. While TPC content of fresh fruits L,K was 16.90 and 14.90 mg/100g respectively .The higher content of salicalic acid ,vanillin , catechol and recoresenol was revealed at H, E, E, and K samples ,its value was 17.0, 12.0, 8.4, 5.0 M/l respectively .
Hussam Mohamed; Rafid Abdul Razzaq; Mohammed Jassim
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 55-65
Abstract
The study was conducted to detect the contamination of some dairy products (cheese, butter, yukurt, cream, milk) in the local markets of Tikrit city. The results detected of micro-pollutantion in dairy products revealed to presence of aerobic bacteria in milk samples and in numbers reached. (3.1 × 101 ...
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The study was conducted to detect the contamination of some dairy products (cheese, butter, yukurt, cream, milk) in the local markets of Tikrit city. The results detected of micro-pollutantion in dairy products revealed to presence of aerobic bacteria in milk samples and in numbers reached. (3.1 × 101 and 0.7 × 101) (c.f.u /gm), with the total number of Bacterial Count (2.7 × 101 to 1.81 × 102) (c.f.u/gm). The study showed that the milk samples were free from the Coliform, psychrophilic and Thermoduric Bacteria . Yeast and mold were found in the milk samples in numbers ranging from 1.03 × 101 to 3.6 × 101(c.f.u/gm). The result of the detection of microbial pollutants in cheese revealed the presence of aerobic and Coliform Bacteria except for Ch5, the Coliform and the thermoduric Bacteria in the cheese samples were 35.1 × 101, 1.06 × 101 and 2.75 × 101. (c.f.u/gm). However this study showed the absence of Thermoduric Bacteria in the cheese models of Ch 5 and Ch2, as well as the absence of all samples of cheese from the psychrophilic Bacteria. Yeasts and molds in the cheese models ranged from 1.03 × 101 to 3.6 × 101 (c.f.u/gm). The results of the detection of the microbial contaminants in Yogurt showed that the Yogurt samples of the Yo4 and the Yo2 were absent from the Coliform Bacteria, and the samples of Yo5 and Yo2 were found to be absent from psychrophilic Bacteria. It has been observed through the results, that absence of all cream samples from Coliform Bacteria, as well as the psychrophilic Bacteria and the Thermoduric Bacteria. while the yeast and molds ranged from 3.3 × 101 to 0.55 × 101 (c.f.u/gm). The results of the detection of microbial pollutants in butter revealed the presence of aerobic bacteria in the butter samples and the absence of all butter samples from the Coliform Bacteria, while the Thermoduric Bacteria ranged from 2.25×101 to 0.4 × 101 (c.f.u/gm). The psychrophilic Bacteria in the butter samples were ranged from 0.45 × 101 to 0.9 × 101 (c.f.u/gm).
Oday Al-Jammaas; Salih Sultan; Waleed Mahmood
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 66-74
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the characteristics of pectin methylesterase produced from Aspergillus niger. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 59.668 kDa. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 45°C. The enzyme lost most of its initial activity after 20 min of incubation at 75°C. ...
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The present study was undertaken to evaluate the characteristics of pectin methylesterase produced from Aspergillus niger. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 59.668 kDa. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 45°C. The enzyme lost most of its initial activity after 20 min of incubation at 75°C. Optimal activity and stability of the enzyme occurred at pH 4, with more than 90 % of retained activity after 10 min at pH 5. Michaelis constant (Km) was found equal to (1) mg/ml, whereas, maximum velocity (Vmax) was (1000) μmol/min. The catalyzed reaction by pectin methylesterase had activation energy equal to 9.66 Kcal/mol. The enzyme lost 24% and 13% of its initial activity during two months of storage at4°C and -20 °C, respectively. The enzyme was activated by NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 at concentration of 25 mM and inhibited by MgSO4, polygalacturonic acid, methanol, IAA and EDTA.
Sara Faiad; Ethar Naji; Jadooa Hajeej
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 75-83
Abstract
The study was carried out in the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture / University of Tikrit to the period 2017/11/7 - 1/5/2018. The study of watermelon seed pulp the local variety, to obtain protein isolates of the graft after removal of fat. The results showed chemical composition of the imported ...
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The study was carried out in the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture / University of Tikrit to the period 2017/11/7 - 1/5/2018. The study of watermelon seed pulp the local variety, to obtain protein isolates of the graft after removal of fat. The results showed chemical composition of the imported and local variety the percentage of moisture was 2.9%, 2.5%, ash 4.2%, 3.8%, fat 41%, 40.2%, carbohydrates 19.4%, 18.5% respectively. The result show that the percentage at important and locally were 32.5% and 35%, respectively. The watermelon seeds (imported and local) showed that the moisture 4.2% and 4%, ash 1.9% and 2.5%, fat 23.5%, 21.8%, carbohydrates 49.2%, 48.4%, protein 21.2%, 23.3% respectively. The results of this study showed that the best conditions in the preparation of protein extract from defatted pulp of watermelon seed, were by extraction with distilled water after equalized pH to 12 with ratio bran: water of 1:10 (w:v) for 60 min ,at agitation speed of 500 rpm/min, followed by sedimentation at the isoelectric point .
Wi'aam Jwair; Ausama Najris
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 84-92
Abstract
As resistant microorganisms are causing a serious global problem, medicinal plants had begun to draw scientists' attention to use them as alternative medicines or in case of this research; to be combined with antibiotics to find a solution against one of these resistant microorganisms. This research ...
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As resistant microorganisms are causing a serious global problem, medicinal plants had begun to draw scientists' attention to use them as alternative medicines or in case of this research; to be combined with antibiotics to find a solution against one of these resistant microorganisms. This research shows the possibility of getting positive results in inhibiting the growth of Multidrug-resistant E. coli; through the synergism between medicinal plant extracts with antibiotics. Each of the alcoholic and aqueous extract of the plants: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Viscum album and Chamaemelum nobile were combined with Erythromycin ethylsuccinate and Gramicidin in certain percentages individually to get three types of combinations (A, B and C). Combinations that contained more percentages of extracts than antibiotic in them showed the highest synergistic positive results in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. Furthermore, these plant extracts as the phytochemical screening tests showed, contain certain active contents which in rule have antimicrobial effects.
Salam Asal
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 93-99
Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the city center of Ramadi during spring 2017 in field fallow one of farmer , to study the effect of cutting stage and sowing dates on forage yield and quality of sorghum . The experiment was using R.C.B.D with three replications in a split plot arrangement sowing ...
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A field experiment was carried out at the city center of Ramadi during spring 2017 in field fallow one of farmer , to study the effect of cutting stage and sowing dates on forage yield and quality of sorghum . The experiment was using R.C.B.D with three replications in a split plot arrangement sowing data (20 march , 5 and 20 April) were taken a main plot, while cutting stages ( vegetative , 50% flowering, and dough stage for seeds) were stages taken as the sub plot design , Results showed that the sowing date of 5 April gave a higher plant height (181.9 cm ), green forage yield (42.8 ton.he-1), dry matter (11.8 ton.he-1) , yield of protein (1.5 ton. he -1), yield of fiber (5.9 ton. he-1), protein percentage (12.38 %). While the cutting at dough stage gave higher of each of plant high(204.6 cm) , yield green forage (38.20 ton.he-1) , dry matter (12.6 ton.he-1) , yield of protein (1.30 ton. he -1) , yield fiber percentage (6.10 ton. he -1) , fiber percentage (53.6 %).
Sahil AL- Jamil; Ibrahim Hassan
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 100-105
Abstract
The study was carried out to evaluate the pathogenicity of the bacteria, Bacillus thuringensis of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) at the rate of 1x106 spores/ml Laboratory results revealed that egg hatching percentage, at the age of 1-2 days were 0.0, 0.0 and 8.2 % 2 and 4 days after ...
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The study was carried out to evaluate the pathogenicity of the bacteria, Bacillus thuringensis of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) at the rate of 1x106 spores/ml Laboratory results revealed that egg hatching percentage, at the age of 1-2 days were 0.0, 0.0 and 8.2 % 2 and 4 days after application respectively. While the hatching percentage of the 3-4 days old eggs was 6.8% at the age of 2-4 days after 2 days' treatment. The mortality rate of larval stages (2, 4, 6 instars) was 100% 14 days after application. When pupae were treated with the bacteria adult emergence percentage was 51.3 % 15 days after treatment compared to 100% emergence for the control treatment. The results in greenhouse show that the entomopathogenic bacteria also achieved mortality rate for 2, 4, 6 larval instars of the pest were 94.4, 91.8, 100, 88.4, 85.6 and 81.3 % for the soil and plant treatments respectively, 14 days after application.
Omar Zbar; Muthana Alrfaae
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 106-115
Abstract
Six regions in Anbar governorate were selected to study spatial variation of iron and manganese forms using time series analysis under different environments. Al-Baghdadi, Heet, Abu Teban, Ramadi, Khalidiya and Falluja were selected. two pedons was selected under two environments: desert and alluvial ...
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Six regions in Anbar governorate were selected to study spatial variation of iron and manganese forms using time series analysis under different environments. Al-Baghdadi, Heet, Abu Teban, Ramadi, Khalidiya and Falluja were selected. two pedons was selected under two environments: desert and alluvial soil, toward vertical in to Euphrates River. Total, available, Crystalline free and Amorphous free, for each iron and manganese was measurement as well as Crystalline form for two elements. statistical analysis by using time series was calculated. The results of the research showed the following: Differentiation of models that describe forms of iron and manganese according for different sedimentation environment as well as heterogeneity of spatial reliability and sampling methods. The method of Semi Variance showed its preference in obtaining the samples and describing the variation of iron and manganese forms compared
Abbas Al-Tamimi
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 116-122
Abstract
The study examined the production function of a random sample of date palm farms in Diyala Governorate. The sample included (53) farms with (8374) fruitful palm trees from the study population of (22943) palm trees. The multiple regression of the elements of the function was analyzed. This included labor ...
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The study examined the production function of a random sample of date palm farms in Diyala Governorate. The sample included (53) farms with (8374) fruitful palm trees from the study population of (22943) palm trees. The multiple regression of the elements of the function was analyzed. This included labor costs, fertilizer costs, pesticide costs, The analysis showed that the effect of fertilizer costs, pesticide costs and labor costs on the quantity of production was positive ,The number of irrigation during the year had a negative effect on the quantity of production where its elasticity was negative, the study showed that weak government support, high production input prices, neglect of control programs, lack of awareness of palm tree service operations, soil service and the spread of poor varieties are among the main reasons for the decline in production, the decline of new palm trees, the increase in labor wages, the low labor experience, the low price of local dates and the competition of imported dates ,The reasons for the decline in production were , and it was recommended that government support for palm farms and programs to fertilize and control date palms and provide good varieties of production, especially support for textile agriculture, which provides excellent varieties and with good productivity.
Ahmed Nasef; Majid Ali
Volume 19, Issue 2 , June 2019, Pages 123-131
Abstract
The research aims to determine the level of usage of modern agricultural techniques by the farmers of the tomato crop in the plastic spending in the district of Samarra / Saladin, and to find the differences between the level of the usage of agricultural techniques, was selected Samarra district to conduct ...
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The research aims to determine the level of usage of modern agricultural techniques by the farmers of the tomato crop in the plastic spending in the district of Samarra / Saladin, and to find the differences between the level of the usage of agricultural techniques, was selected Samarra district to conduct the research, and included three agricultural sector people representing 75% of all people In the judiciary, the population of research included all farmers of the selected agricultural division of 700 farmers. The research included a sample of 115 respondents. The questionnaire used a data collection tool. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part included some variables related to the respondents. The second part included (9) paragraphs For the axis of a For biotechnologies to measure the level of use of modern agricultural techniques in the field of biotechnology, and to achieve honesty, the form was first presented to a group of agricultural extension experts to achieve the validity and experts in the Department of Plant Protection to achieve the validity of content, the method used Alphcronbach to measure the realibity of (0.97) The results of this study indicate that most of the respondents do not know this type of fertilizers because of the lack of availability in the market, because farmers are not satisfied with the results of their use, It is concluded that most farmers do not know that mixing the pesticide with a chemical pesticide increases its effectiveness because biocides are used as a chemical pesticide. Systemic pesticides do not kill insects quickly. The researcher recommended that the agricultural extension system should carry out learning activities to cultivate the tomato crop in plastic tunnels in all fields of study.
