Mohammed H. Mohammed; Labeed S. Mohammed; Ahmed H. Anees
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 1-14
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of brassinolide growth regulator concentrations on triticale yield X Trititcosecal wittmack. This study included three concentrations of brassinolide (0, 3 and 6 mg L-1) and six genotypes of triticale (Mel 7, Farah, Muhannad, LIRON3, LIRON5 ...
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of brassinolide growth regulator concentrations on triticale yield X Trititcosecal wittmack. This study included three concentrations of brassinolide (0, 3 and 6 mg L-1) and six genotypes of triticale (Mel 7, Farah, Muhannad, LIRON3, LIRON5 and LIRON6). Cultivation was carried out during the winter season 2020-2022 at the research station of the Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture - Tikrit University using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot design and with three blocks, the main plot included the three concentrations of brassinolide at the stage of tiller formation, while the secondary plot included six genotypes of triticale crop. The experimental unit included three lines, the length of the line (3 m) and the distance between one lines was (0.25 m), using 120 kg seed per dunum, and the data were recorded for the following characteristics: flowering up to 75% of spikes (day), plant height (cm), number of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike, weight of 1000 grains (g), grain yield (ton ha-1), biological yield (ton ha-1) and harvest index (%). The results showed the superiority of the interactions (the second concentration X Farah variety) in most of the traits under study with a non-significant difference for the same concentration with LIRON3 variety except number of flowers up to 75%, the plant height, spikes number and grains numbers and this increase was achieved through the effect of growth regulator brassinolide on growth characteristics and yield.
Sara Bassam; Raja AL -Wasity; Mahdi AL-Jubouri
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 15-27
Abstract
The study aimed to identify the essential climatic factors that significantly affect the financial returns of wheat production from 2000 to 2022 to draw up a clear agricultural policy to confront these changes. It was estimated using the ARDL model to explain the correlation between the dependent variable ...
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The study aimed to identify the essential climatic factors that significantly affect the financial returns of wheat production from 2000 to 2022 to draw up a clear agricultural policy to confront these changes. It was estimated using the ARDL model to explain the correlation between the dependent variable (revenues) and the independent variables temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity. And wind speed. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that 96% of the observed fluctuations in the dependent variable can be attributed to the explanatory variables included in the model. The remaining 4% of fluctuations are due to other variables not included in the model and are absorbed by the random variable. The results showed a positive, significant relationship between average rainfall and wheat yields and a significant inverse relationship between temperature, relative humidity, and average wind speed on wheat yields. The study suggested the necessity of cultivating high-yielding varieties that are resistant to climate change and suitable for the Iraqi environment. In addition, she stressed the importance of investing in renewable energy sources that can support agricultural activities, mitigate the effects of climate change, and enhance crop productivity.
Nihad Mohammed; Zeyad A. Abdulhamed; Baraa H. Saleh; Nihad M. Abood
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 28-38
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Anbar University College of Agriculture during the spring and autumn seasons of 2021. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of four concentrations of arginine on the growth and yield of three sorghum cultivars: ...
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A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Anbar University College of Agriculture during the spring and autumn seasons of 2021. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of four concentrations of arginine on the growth and yield of three sorghum cultivars: Inqath, Babel, and Giza 113. A split plot design was used with three replicates, where the main plots were assigned to four arginine concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg L-1), and the subplots were assigned to three sorghum cultivars. The cultivar Inqath excelled significantly in leaf area, number of grains, and grain yield, with the highest average grain yield of 4.03 and 4.52 tons ha-1 for the spring and autumn seasons, respectively. On the other hand, the cultivar Giza 113 recorded the lowest average of 3.31 and 3.94 tons ha-1. As for the concentrations of arginine, the concentration of 300 mg L-1 excelled in the studied traits, recording the highest average grain yield of 4.51 and 4.98 tons ha-1. Additionally, the interaction between the two factors of the study was significant in most of the studied traits.
Khaleel Sarheed; Samah M. Raouf
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 39-49
Abstract
The main focus of this study to investigate the biological mechanisms by which a (Alcea kurdic) extract impacts chicken productivity and gut microbiome. A total of 225 chicks were randomly allotted to five treatments provided the first as a control (C-1), Levosav as antibiotics (Lo-2), with Aqueous Extract ...
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The main focus of this study to investigate the biological mechanisms by which a (Alcea kurdic) extract impacts chicken productivity and gut microbiome. A total of 225 chicks were randomly allotted to five treatments provided the first as a control (C-1), Levosav as antibiotics (Lo-2), with Aqueous Extract (AE) of Alcea kurdic (AK) at doses 5% (AE-1), 10% (AE-2), and 15% (AE-3) per on drinking water, each treatment contained 3 replicates (15 birds each replicates). The results clarified that there were a significant (p>0.05) changes in performance relative weight between different treatments. In contrast, there was a significant increase in the rate of body weight, body weight gain was observed across all treatments receiving the aqueous extract of hibiscus flowers compared to (C-1), and (Le-2) treatments. For the feed intake and feed conversion the treatments (C-1), and (Lo-2) showed significantly higher feed intake compared with the other treatments 5% (AE-1), 10% (AE-2), and 15% (AE-3). AE treatments had significantly feed conversion than the control (p<0.05). For the microbial population, intestinal total bacteria count was significantly lower in AE treatments compared with the control group (p<0.05), while there were changes in the lactobacilli count between different treatments. Moreover, E. coli were recorded lower in the AE treatments compared with the (C-1), and (Lo-2) treatments.
Anwaar Fakhre AL-Taee; Jihan Y. Al-Hatem
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 50-59
Abstract
The molecular genetic index of Amaranthus albus species was investigated using the technology of random amplification regarding the polymorphic DNA (RAPD, where DNA fragments are included and multiplied by means of using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The National Centre for Biotechnology ...
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The molecular genetic index of Amaranthus albus species was investigated using the technology of random amplification regarding the polymorphic DNA (RAPD, where DNA fragments are included and multiplied by means of using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The National Centre for Biotechnology Information Gene Bank Graphics (NCBI) was utilized to determine the nitrogenous bases related to the two species in question via PCT using the primers ITs1 and ITs4. Results demonstrated that the nucleotide sequence of the worldwide isolate matches the Amaranthus albus, which was deposited in NCBI and registered under the numbers OP846011.1 and OP846010.1. The percentages of matching for the two isolates were 97 and 99%. Through adopting the molecular evidence represented through the genes, the phylogenetic tree data confirmed that there is a close relation between the Amaranthus albus in question (in Iraq) and the ones in South Korea, China, Canada and USA registered in NCBI.
Khasraw M. Hassan; Sarwar M. Sadq; Lava K. Ali
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 60-70
Abstract
Water is the wonder of nature which is an essential source of nutrients for all forms to sustain life. Water is necessary for digestion, energy metabolism, absorption, transportation of nutrients and metabolites to and from body tissues, cellular functions, elimination of waste materials from our bodies ...
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Water is the wonder of nature which is an essential source of nutrients for all forms to sustain life. Water is necessary for digestion, energy metabolism, absorption, transportation of nutrients and metabolites to and from body tissues, cellular functions, elimination of waste materials from our bodies (humans and animals), and excess heat from the body. Furthermore, water plays an important role in the bodies thermoregulatory and electrolyte health, and the performance of the fluidity and cushioning environment for the developing fetus in the human and animals. The quality of water determines the health and productivity of milk and its quality, and results in the bioaccumulation of water solutes in the milk and body tissues. Therefore, its property has to be good for the optimum health, and performance of dairy cattle. The high-altitude environments have restricted surface and groundwater resources and are more dependent on snow precipitations, very deep bore well groundwater, and Mountain Rivers. Recently, the quality of high-altitude water resources has become questionable because of more environmental pollution, climate change, and high anthropogenic activities at high altitudes. Therefore, there is an ongoing requirement to monitor water quality, dairy product quality, and cattle health for the prevention and control of waterborne diseases. This review reveals the water property and the probable effects on the health performance of dairy cattle with a particular emphasis on high-altitude regions. From this review, we can that global warming and an increase in tourists in high-altitude regions have caused the deterioration of water quality, which may affect the health, reproduction, and production of quality dairy products. This may lead to the bioaccumulation of some toxic molecules and metals into the higher food chain and affect public health.
Aqeel Abd-ulrazak Qraidi; Ghassan A. Mashhoot; Aqeel Alyousuf; Muslim Ashor Al-etby
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 71-87
Abstract
The termite Microserotermus diversis Silvestri is one of the destructive pests that invade fruit tree trunks, including date palms, in central and southern Iraq. This necessitates the development of environmentally safe control methods. This study aimed to assess behavioral control methods against the ...
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The termite Microserotermus diversis Silvestri is one of the destructive pests that invade fruit tree trunks, including date palms, in central and southern Iraq. This necessitates the development of environmentally safe control methods. This study aimed to assess behavioral control methods against the termites infesting date palms. An alcohol extraction process isolated components from the female glands for chemical analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effectiveness of these extracts in attracting male alates was evaluated in the laboratory to identify the optimal concentration for attracting males for mating. The most effective concentration (150 microliters) was loaded onto two types of polymer-carriers: cellulose fibers and paraffin wax. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed no chemical reactions between the polymers and pheromones, indicating physical mixing only. Field trials were conducted in a termite-infested palm orchard (1 hectare) in Amara, southern Iraq, from late March to early April 2024. Traps containing cellulose-based pheromone carriers demonstrated the highest attraction for winged male termites, with an average of 8.667 males per trap after seven days. This study highlights the potential of pheromones as a targeted and sustainable approach for termite control.
Nadhim M.Jawad Ali; Waleed Yousif Kassem; Assad Hassan Eissa; Amad Falah Hassan
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 88-93
Abstract
This study was conducted in the animal field of the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah, where 24 Arabi females' sheep were randomly selected and divided into 3 weight groups 26-15, 27-38 and above 39 kg. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and centrifuged ...
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This study was conducted in the animal field of the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah, where 24 Arabi females' sheep were randomly selected and divided into 3 weight groups 26-15, 27-38 and above 39 kg. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and centrifuged to separate blood serum to study the effects of body weight on some biochemical parameters (cholesterol, total protein, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes) and some sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) and metabolic hormones (growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and leptin). The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of cholesterol, total protein and ALP enzyme in blood serum when body weight increased. There was also a significant increase in the concentration of sex hormones and some metabolic hormones when body weight increased from 15 to more than 39 kg. Growth hormone did not show a significant difference compared to other weight groups. While the level of IGF and leptin increased for the 27-38and above 39 kg groups compared to the 26-15 Kg group.
Maha S. Shada; Raafat Riyadh Abdul Wahhab; Yasmen H. Hasan
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 94-106
Abstract
The research aimed to identify the knowledge training needs of wheat growers in scientific recommendations related to growing the crop in the villages of Siha Othman and Ain Hayawi/Al-Shirqat District/Salah al-Din Governorate in general. and also determining the relationship between the knowledge training ...
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The research aimed to identify the knowledge training needs of wheat growers in scientific recommendations related to growing the crop in the villages of Siha Othman and Ain Hayawi/Al-Shirqat District/Salah al-Din Governorate in general. and also determining the relationship between the knowledge training needs of wheat growers and some of the following independent factors:) age, educational level, number of years of work in growing the crop, type of holding, sources of information, and participation in extension activities related to growing the wheat crop ( . The research community included all wheat growers, numbering (87) growers, a random sample was taken at a rate of (46%), thus the number of growers became (40) growers. The results showed that the categories of those with medium and high Knowledge training needs represented about (72.5%) of the number of respondents. The results also showed a significant correlation at the level of (0.01) between (age, sources of information, educational level, number of years of work in growing the crop, type of holding) and Knowledge training needs. The study also indicated that the average level of growers’ problems towards growing wheat is large.
Mais Ahmad Naoof; Roula Mohammad Said Bayerli
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 107-119
Abstract
The present study was carried out in Hamah province, Syria, during the period from (2021-2022), to study the effect of treatment with Trichoderma harzianum bio-fertilizer (at a concentrations of 105, 106, 107 spores/ml) and EM1 bio-fertilizer (at a concentrations of 5, 10, 15 ml/l) and the indole acetic ...
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The present study was carried out in Hamah province, Syria, during the period from (2021-2022), to study the effect of treatment with Trichoderma harzianum bio-fertilizer (at a concentrations of 105, 106, 107 spores/ml) and EM1 bio-fertilizer (at a concentrations of 5, 10, 15 ml/l) and the indole acetic acid (IAA) (at concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm) and their interactions on growth, photosynthetic pigment concentration and Fruit quality of tomato plants (Mersini variety). The chemical analysis was carried out in the laboratories of Faculty of Agriculture Engineering - Damascus University - Syria. The study contains 21 treatments and the data (Average of the two seasons) was calculated using a randomized complete block design. The results showed that treatments with IAA 50 ppm ,Trichoderma harzianum 105 spores/ml, EM1 at all concentrations and their combination treatments with IAA 50 ppm improved all studied indicators compared to control, except TA parameter which increased with treatment IAA at 100 ppm and its combination with bio-fertilizers at all concentrations. The combination treatment of Trichoderma harzianum 105 spores/ml and IAA 50 ppm resulted in the best morphological characteristics (34.17 Days for Days to first flower, 39.17 Days for Days to first flowerset, 56.22 Days for Days to 50 % flowering), photosynthetic pigment concentration (4.69 mg/g Chlorophyll A, 2.17 mg/g Chlorophyll B, 2.05 mg/g Carotene), and TSS (4.82 Brix°). While the treatment trichoderma harzianum 105 spores/ml alone resulted in the best TSS/TA (20.53) and The combination treatment of trichoderma harzianum 107 and IAA 100 ppm resulted in the best TA (0.47 %).
Baidaa G Ofi; Mohammed Hamza Abass; Yehya Ashoor Salih
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 120-139
Abstract
Several spots and necrotic symptoms fungi-caused in the aerial parts of the Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) are spreading and causing painful economic losses for farmers in Basrah Province. Fungi were isolated from severely infected faba bean leaves and stems with leaf spots and necrosis from farms in the ...
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Several spots and necrotic symptoms fungi-caused in the aerial parts of the Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) are spreading and causing painful economic losses for farmers in Basrah Province. Fungi were isolated from severely infected faba bean leaves and stems with leaf spots and necrosis from farms in the Shaat-Al-Arab and Abu-Alkhaseeb regions. Morpho-cultural examinations on media and molecular analysis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers and sequence and phylogenetic analysis were carried out to identify fungi of spots-causative, and tested for their pathogenicity. Morpho-cultural examinations showed that isolated fungi typified diverse species of Alternaria. While molecular and phylogenetic analyses revealed the identities of eight different Alternaria species: A. alstroemeriae, A. arborescens, A. chlamydospora, A. concatenta, A. gaisen, A. infectoria, A. porri and A. terricola. Each ITS sequence was deposited at NCBI and submitted with a gene accession number. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all Alternaria species were able to induce disease symptoms on the local sensitive variety of Faba bean under greenhouse conditions; these disease symptoms were similar to those reported in the field. This is the first report of several Alternaria species causing Faba bean aerial part spot and necrosis disease in Basrah/ Iraq. Further studies are needed to better understand the disease complexity among these species of pathogens and to identify the best measures to control the disease
Gona Sirwan Sharif
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 140-148
Abstract
The life cycle and effectiveness of insecticides against Chrysolina herbacea adults under laboratory conditions were determined in this study. C. herbacea was chosen for this study because it is a major pest of Lamiaceae plants, particularly those in the genus Mentha. Significant damage is caused to ...
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The life cycle and effectiveness of insecticides against Chrysolina herbacea adults under laboratory conditions were determined in this study. C. herbacea was chosen for this study because it is a major pest of Lamiaceae plants, particularly those in the genus Mentha. Significant damage is caused to plants by them consuming their leaves. The results of the life cycle revealed that the total egg, larval, pupal, and pre-oviposition periods were determined to be 8.5 ± 1.9, 21.7 ± 1.3, 32.6 ± 2.6, and 11.8 ± 1.2 days, respectively. The life cycle (from egg to pre-oviposition) was 73.3 ± 7.9 days. The toxic effects of alpha-cypermethrin, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid on the mortality rate of C. herbacea adults were tested in laboratory conditions. Alpha-cypermethrin showed a maximum mortality rate in C. herbacea adults after 24, 48 and 72 h (26.7, 33.3 and 40 %) respectively. Meanwhile, Acetamiprid's minimum mortality rate (16.7 and 20 %) was observed after 24 and 48 hours of treatment. Results showed that alpha-cypermethrin was the most toxic to C. herbacea adults among the treated synthetic pesticides.
Bekhal M. Hama
Volume 25, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 149-165
Abstract
Drought is considered an important constraint that hampers the growth, development, and productivity of Zea mays crops worldwide. The study is intended to determine changes in the morphological, physiological, antioxidant, and yield parameters of corn crops caused by drought, and assess the effects of ...
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Drought is considered an important constraint that hampers the growth, development, and productivity of Zea mays crops worldwide. The study is intended to determine changes in the morphological, physiological, antioxidant, and yield parameters of corn crops caused by drought, and assess the effects of chitosan NPs in reducing physiological and biochemical changes and overcoming drought-induced yield losses. The drought was maintained during the vegetative phase on two drought-contrasting maize hybrids, ZP6666 (tolerant) and Drami (sensitive), by limiting irrigation and maintaining 50% field capacity (moderate DS), and 25% field capacity (severe DS). Chitosan NPs were sprayed with 100, 200, and 300 mg L-1 corn leaves. Using 100 mg L-1 chitosan NPs significantly increased most characteristics, except RWC, which showed a non-significant response in drought-prone maize leaves. The recovery of drought was notable in both hybrids. Water stress as moderate and severe drought stress conditions reduced kernel yield/pot, while spraying chitosan nanoparticles on maize leaves increased yields by 42 and 10 percent for tolerant and 8.5 and 9 percent for sensitive hybrids at both stress conditions respectively. This study suggests that chitosan NPs with concentrations of 100 mg L-1 play a remarkable role in combating the negative effects of drought. These nanoparticles can improve the plant's osmotic state, activate ROS elimination enzymes to maintain membrane integrity and cell protection, and increase yields in drought conditions.
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