Muna I. Al-Samrai; Ahmed T. Taies; Zahraa M. Saleh
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 1-10
Abstract
This study investigated the incorporation of varying concentrations of dry powdered alfalfa into broiler chicken diets and assessed its impact on performance, production metrics, and specific carcass characteristics. To this goal, 180 one-week-old broiler chicks were allocated into four treatments, each ...
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This study investigated the incorporation of varying concentrations of dry powdered alfalfa into broiler chicken diets and assessed its impact on performance, production metrics, and specific carcass characteristics. To this goal, 180 one-week-old broiler chicks were allocated into four treatments, each comprising three replicates with 15 birds per replication. The initial treatment served as the control, whereas the subsequent treatments incorporated 2%, 4%, and 6% dry alfalfa powder into the diet, respectively. The examination was performed to analyze several facets of production performance, the comparative weights of carcass components, and internal organs. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of 2% and 4% alfalfa powder did not yield significant differences compared to the control group in terms of body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, all carcass parameters, and internal organs. Nonetheless, the incorporation of 6% alfalfa powder markedly diminished performance metrics and reduced the dressing percentage in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that the incorporation of 2% and 4% alfalfa powder into the diets did not adversely affect production performance. Conversely, it favorably impacted dressing percentage and relative liver weight, hence improving digestive system functions and activity.
Farah Muhsen Al-Sherin
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 11-25
Abstract
The research aims to study and estimate the optimal combinations that must be used of production resources in order to achieve different production volumes and the extent to which these quantities are close to the actual volume quantities of the crop farmers, and to urge farmers to adopt these quantities ...
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The research aims to study and estimate the optimal combinations that must be used of production resources in order to achieve different production volumes and the extent to which these quantities are close to the actual volume quantities of the crop farmers, and to urge farmers to adopt these quantities and volumes that have been reached in order to achieve profits, as the study concluded that the production volume at the point Breakeven is (347.918) kg, while the actual volume of sample production reached (933.729) kg The optimal volume of production that reduces costs amounted to (1026,919) kg, while the volume of production that maximizes profit amounted to (1096.381) kg. It turned out that the largest net profit achieved by a farmer if he produced at the maximum volume of profit amounted to (418538.855) dinars, while it reached At the optimal volume of production (387905.12) dinars, the volume of production of the sample amounted to (380195.6) dinars, and this indicates the inability of most farmers to mix the elements of production to obtain the highest profits. The reason for this is due to the high costs of production on the one hand and the low volume of production on the other hand. The study also found that Weak government support for production requirements, which made production not reach its maximum Therefore, the study recommends that there be an effective role for the government in influencing the prices of production inputs, which contributes to achieving the highest profits.
Qasim A. S. Al-Zyadi; Baydaa Rasheed Hilo
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 26-38
Abstract
To study the effect of three growth stages of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) (pre-budding, budding and 50% flowering) and three harvest times during the day (7:00 am, 12:00 pm and 5:00 pm) in the growth and yield of volatile oil, the experiment was conducted in the fields of the agricultural research ...
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To study the effect of three growth stages of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) (pre-budding, budding and 50% flowering) and three harvest times during the day (7:00 am, 12:00 pm and 5:00 pm) in the growth and yield of volatile oil, the experiment was conducted in the fields of the agricultural research station (Al-Bandar area) affiliated to the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, under the environmental conditions of Al-Muthanna Governorate located in southern Iraq, at latitude 31.32139° N and 45.30407° E, for the period from 15/2/2024 to 16/6/2024, and was implemented according to a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of the study showed the significant effect of the developmental stages of the plant on all the studied traits. Peppermint plants harvested at 50% flowering stage were significantly superior and gave the highest values in plant height (61.33 cm), number of branches (27.38 branch. plant-1), shoot fresh weight (19.07 gm. plant -1), shoot dry weight (4.74 gm. plant-1), fresh weight of leaves (12.80 gm. plant-1), dry weight of leaves (3.10 gm. plant-1), percentage of volatile oil (2.40 %) and volatile oil yield per plant (74.06 µL. plant-1). While harvest times had a significant effect on the traits of fresh weight of the vegetative mass, fresh leaf weight, volatile oil content, and volatile oil yield per plant only, which was excelled by the peppermint plants that harvested at 7.00 am and gave the highest values (17.00 gm. plant-1, 11.50 gm. plant-1, 2.29 % and 65.20 µL. plant-1) respectively.
Zainab A. Hassan; Mohammed A. Al-Bayar; Sofyan M. Farhan; Osama A. Saeed; Th. T. Mohammed; S. M. Abdulateef
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 39-48
Abstract
It is essential to examine and harness the potential of local broiler premixes as alternatives to expensive commercial premixes, while ensuring that would not have any harmful impact on broiler health. A total of 120 broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in a three-week study to examine the impact of different ...
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It is essential to examine and harness the potential of local broiler premixes as alternatives to expensive commercial premixes, while ensuring that would not have any harmful impact on broiler health. A total of 120 broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in a three-week study to examine the impact of different levels of local broiler premix (LBP) as a substitute for vitamin-mineral premix on the serum biochemical profile of broiler chickens. The chicks were assigned to four treatments, with each treatment consisting of thirty birds. The experiment group contained three replicates each with ten birds per replicate, following a Completely Randomized Design. The supplementation levels of the local broiler premix were as follows: 2.50% for commercial broiler premix (CBP1), 1.85% for LBP2, 2.25% for LBP3, and 2.50% for LBP4. The results indicate that the supplementation of LBP to broiler diets did not result in any significant changes in the enzyme activity of Glu, TP, Alb, and Glo. The TC concentration in the group following the LBP2 diet was significantly higher compared to the concentration in the CBP1 group. A significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) was seen between the following pairs: Glu and Alb, TG and VLDL, TG and ALT, VLDL and ALT, as well as TP and Alb. Hence, the use of local broiler premix did not have any adverse impact on the blood biochemical profile of starter broiler chickens, indicating its suitability as a substitute for commercial vitamin-mineral premix.
Faaq Hassan Mohmeed; Teeba Ayied Mukhlif
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 49-62
Abstract
This research focuses on assessing and preparing land suitability for wheat cultivation in the Erbil District through a comprehensive analysis aimed at identifying the most favourable areas for agricultural production. The study integrates land characteristics with climatic factors to support agricultural ...
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This research focuses on assessing and preparing land suitability for wheat cultivation in the Erbil District through a comprehensive analysis aimed at identifying the most favourable areas for agricultural production. The study integrates land characteristics with climatic factors to support agricultural development initiatives and promote efficient land use. The primary objective of the research is to produce accurate and detailed suitability maps that assist farmers and decision-makers in selecting optimal cultivation sites. The evaluation process considered key criteria, most notably soil fertility and climatic conditions. These data were utilised to generate spatial suitability maps that illustrate the potential of each land unit for wheat cultivation. The findings of the study contribute to improving wheat productivity, reducing the misallocation of agricultural resources, enhancing food security, and encouraging sustainable land management practices. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques were employed to analyze extensive environmental datasets, enabling precise spatial assessments. Additionally, the study incorporated socioeconomic factors—such as proximity to markets and availability of irrigation sources—to provide a comprehensive and practical framework for land suitability analysis. The results revealed that approximately 67.87% of the land area was classified as highly suitable (S1), 18.23% as moderately suitable (S2), and 13.89% as unsuitable (N2). These classifications were influenced by several key natural factors, including soil depth, texture, organic matter content, salinity (EC), calcium carbonate content (CaCO₃), rainfall, and land slope. Overall, the study offers a reliable reference for future agricultural planning and the formulation of sustainable land use strategies in the Erbil District. Specifically, the evaluation revealed that approximately 67.87% of the land was classified as highly suitable (S1), 18.23% as moderately suitable (S2), and 13.89% as not suitable (N2) for wheat cultivation. These classifications were primarily influenced by several critical natural factors, including soil depth, soil texture, organic matter content, salinity (EC), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), rainfall, and land slope. These findings highlight the significance of integrating biophysical indicators in agricultural planning to ensure optimal land use and sustainable crop production.
Ruwaida Khalid Saber
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 63-76
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the impact of soil compaction degree (DC%) defined as the ratio between natural bulk density (BD natural) and critical bulk density (BD critical) on Soil Physical Quality index (S-index) for seven soil samples with different gypsum content 61.1(G1), 104 ...
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Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the impact of soil compaction degree (DC%) defined as the ratio between natural bulk density (BD natural) and critical bulk density (BD critical) on Soil Physical Quality index (S-index) for seven soil samples with different gypsum content 61.1(G1), 104 (G2), 151 (G3), 214 (G4), 279 (G5), 363 (G6), and 414 g kg⁻¹(G7). The water retention curve for each soil sample was determined at matric suctions of 0, 3, 8, 33, 200, 500, 700, 1000, and 1500 kPa after compacting the soil samples to bulk densities of 1.3, 1.5, and 1.7 Mg m⁻³. The physical soil quality index (S-index) was calculated using the van Genuchten-Mualem equation implemented in the RETC program.The results revealed that the critical bulk density (Proctor density) decreased with increasing soil gypsum content. A positive exponential relationship was observed between the S-index and soil gypsum content, indicating that higher gypsum content improved the physical soil quality index. A negative polynomial relationship was found between soil gypsum content and compaction degree (DC%). Furthermore, the S-index was negatively correlated with both bulk density and compaction degree (DC%).
Ghofran Sinan Alazzawi; Firas Salim Al-Aani
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 76-91
Abstract
A field experiment was executed to assess the performance of the New Holland 1520 gardener tractor for plowing and smoothing operations by analyzing total costs, pulling force (kN), drawbar power and slippage percentage at varying operational speeds and added weights. The primary element, speed, was ...
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A field experiment was executed to assess the performance of the New Holland 1520 gardener tractor for plowing and smoothing operations by analyzing total costs, pulling force (kN), drawbar power and slippage percentage at varying operational speeds and added weights. The primary element, speed, was established at three levels (2.58, 4.50, 6.48 km/h) for the plowing process and (2.62, 4.67, 6.69 km/h) for the smoothing process, while the secondary factor comprised additional weights (60, 90, 120 kg). The plowing process findings indicated that a speed of 6.48 km/h yielded the lowest total costs of 10,937.6 ID/hectare, alongside the highest pulling force of 4.20 kN and the maximum drawbar power of 7.55 kW. Increasing the added weights from 60 kg to 90 kg and subsequently to 120 kg resulted in a reduction in overall expenditures from 20507.1 to 19652.2 to 18607.2 ID / hectare. A reduction in pulling force values from 4.13 to 3.93, subsequently to 3.69 kN; a decline in drawbar power from 5.16 to 5.04, then to 4.83 kW; and a fall in slippage percentage from 11.95 to 10.34, followed by 8.81%. The smoothing process yielded the lowest total costs of 9664.2 ID/hectare at a speed of 6.69 km/h. The maximum pulling force attained was 2.64 kN, while the peak drawbar power reached 4.90 kW.The increment of weights from 60 to 90 to 120 kg resulted in a reduction of total costs from 18757.9 to 17242.1 to 16472.1 ID/hectare, a decline in drawbar power values from 2.69 to 2.47 to 2.22 kN, a decrease in drawbar power from 3.48 to 3.26 to 3.02 kW, and a reduction in slippage percentage from 9.34 to 8.03 to 6.30%.
Fardus Mahdi Salih Al-Rubeae; Ehsan F.S. Al-Douri
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 92-100
Abstract
Al-Obaid is a fig cultivar known in Saudi Arabia that has recently entered Iraq. There are not much published articles about it here, so this experiment was conducted to determine the response this cultivar to spraying with benzyl adenine and nano-calcium, in the research station belonging to the Department ...
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Al-Obaid is a fig cultivar known in Saudi Arabia that has recently entered Iraq. There are not much published articles about it here, so this experiment was conducted to determine the response this cultivar to spraying with benzyl adenine and nano-calcium, in the research station belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Salah al-Din Governorate during the 2024 season. Three concentrations of growth regulator benzyl adenine (0, 75 and 150 mg L-1) and three concentrations of nano calcium (0, 1.25 and 2.50 g L-1) were sprayed three times through the season. Data of some growth parameters, number of fruits per tree and the yield were collected and statistically analyzed. The results indicated that the effect of spraying with benzyl adenine was significant in most of the studied traits and the concentration of 150 mg L-1 recorded the highest average of leaf area (182.27 cm2), number of fruits (91.00 fruit tree-1) and yield (1940.63 g tree-1), but this treatment caused a significant decrement of shoot length when gave the lowest average (79.74 cm). The foliar spray with nano calcium of 2.5 g L-1 recorded the highest average of leaf area (213.73 cm2) and dry matter of leaves (41.36%) and exceeded the control treatment significantly. The interaction treatments affected significantly on some studied traits but this effect is not stable at one treatment.
Saad T. Ibrahim; Hamda H. Sheet; Faiq H. Muhammed
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 101-116
Abstract
This study aims to monitor and analyze vegetation cover and its impact on land surface temperature (LST) in Erbil City over the period 1990–2023. The research utilizes JavaScript programming within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to acquire satellite imagery for both vegetation cover (NDVI) ...
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This study aims to monitor and analyze vegetation cover and its impact on land surface temperature (LST) in Erbil City over the period 1990–2023. The research utilizes JavaScript programming within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to acquire satellite imagery for both vegetation cover (NDVI) and LST. Extracted temperature data were classified using internationally recognized standards and further processed within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Advanced cartographic modeling techniques were applied to generate LST classification maps throughout the study period.The results reveal a significant rise in land surface temperatures across Erbil City. Warm zones accounted for 34.8% of the total area, hot zones covered 37.6%, and very hot zones made up 27.7%. These findings underscore the substantial impact of rising temperatures on the urban environment and overall quality of life, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable environmental planning and urban heat mitigation strategies.
Mohammed Khatab Omer; Reham Firas Faris
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 117-127
Abstract
Understanding and evaluating genetic diversity among Phoenix dactylifera cultivars is essential for identifying genetic variation, preserving biodiversity, and guiding crop improvement initiatives. In this study, specific primers were designed to amplify the non-coding plastid intergenic spacer psbA-trnH ...
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Understanding and evaluating genetic diversity among Phoenix dactylifera cultivars is essential for identifying genetic variation, preserving biodiversity, and guiding crop improvement initiatives. In this study, specific primers were designed to amplify the non-coding plastid intergenic spacer psbA-trnH across ten Iraqi date palm cultivars. The resulting sequences were analyzed to detect nucleotide polymorphisms and assess genetic distances between the cultivars. The minimum genetic distance (0.00342) was observed between ‘Khastawi’ and ‘Qarnfuli’, while the maximum distance (0.02703) occurred between ‘Tabarzul’ and ‘Dayri’. A total of 17 polymorphic sites were detected, revealing moderate sequence variation. Additionally, the haplotype diversity variance was calculated at 0.002, nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.01054, and theta (per site) from Eta was estimated at 0.01275. These molecular diversity indices highlight the potential of the psbA-trnH region as a useful marker for genetic analysis in date palms. The outcomes of this research contribute valuable insights for conservation planning, germplasm management, and future breeding programs targeting local Iraqi cultivars.
Ahmad Albrmawi; Ashraf Omar Khashroum; Hani Hamad; Abeer Saqr; Shamaail Saewan; Mohammad Al-Alawneh
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 128-142
Abstract
Climate change poses substantial threat to water quality in Jordan. It may lead to saline water intrusion into freshwater reserves, increased water pollution, and scarcity of freshwater. This study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on water quality in Zarqa Stream Basin, Jordan. One hundred ...
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Climate change poses substantial threat to water quality in Jordan. It may lead to saline water intrusion into freshwater reserves, increased water pollution, and scarcity of freshwater. This study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on water quality in Zarqa Stream Basin, Jordan. One hundred and twenty water samples were collected from Zarqa Stream, and were distributed equally between the three study locations, namely, Jerash, Zarqa, and King Talal Dam. Laboratory analyses and tests, that is; basic water components, were performed on the water samples according to the standards approved in the specialized laboratories of the Ministry of Health, Jordan, and the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan. The study results uncovered variations in concentrations of chemical parameters of water quality among the three studied sites (Zarqa, Jerash, and King Talal Dam), suggesting diverse effects due to environmental pollution and surrounding conditions. Water quality varies in Zarqa Stream Basin from a location to another, and despite the fact that some indicators meet international standards, the water has high level of turbidity, high concentrations of dissolved substances, and a high electrical conductivity, making it unsuitable for human drinking. The study highlights organic pollution and changes in certain chemical elements. This necessitates adoption and implementation of effective measures to improve and protect the water quality in this basin. Non-essential water components have been significantly affected by climate change, with some surpassing safe limits. This calls for rapid treatment and continued monitoring to avoid negative consequences. These changes should be considered in water quality assessments. Additionally, awareness of the impact of climate change on water quality should be raised and the local communities should be encouraged to take action to preserve water resources and protect the water quality from deterioration
Sultan Jahwar Dakhil; Adel A. Abdullah Rajab
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 143-156
Abstract
The study was conducted in three phases. The first phase involved designing (circular and rectangular) spike tooth harrow implement using SolidWorks software according to the required dimensions and measurements. The second phase included testing and analyzing the stresses affecting the structure of ...
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The study was conducted in three phases. The first phase involved designing (circular and rectangular) spike tooth harrow implement using SolidWorks software according to the required dimensions and measurements. The second phase included testing and analyzing the stresses affecting the structure of the spike tooth harrow (circular and rectangular) under conditions similar to the field conditions in which the machine operates, using Inventor software and the Finite Element Method (F.E.M).The third phase involved field evaluation in a silty loam soil that had been plowed using moldboard plows, followed by Harrowing with those teeth to break up the clods of soil resulting from plowing and to assess their impact on the depth and of soil pulverization index. The results showed that the circular spike tooth harrow implement recorded the highest values for maximum stress and principal stress, while the rectangular spike tooth harrow implement recorded the highest deflection value. The disc plow significantly outperformed the moldboard plow in recording the highest value for the of pulverization index, while the moldboard plow significantly outperformed the disc plow in recording the highest value for the depth of pulverization. The forward speed of (8.20) km/h significantly outperformed the forward speed of (13.02) km/h in recording the highest values for both the of soil pulverization index and the depth of pulverization. The rectangular tooths outperformed in recording the less and best value the of soil pulverization index. The circular tooth outperformed in recording the highest value the of the depth of pulverization.
Abdulkareem E. S. Alkurtany; Abdullah Arkan Khalid; Abdullah Abdulkareem Hassan
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 157-171
Abstract
This study was conducted with the aim of utilizing agricultural residues and harmful environmental weeds to transfore them into a sustainable agricultural input by preparing compost to be used as a medium for producing healthy and robust vegetable seedlings. The study investigates the effects of compost ...
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This study was conducted with the aim of utilizing agricultural residues and harmful environmental weeds to transfore them into a sustainable agricultural input by preparing compost to be used as a medium for producing healthy and robust vegetable seedlings. The study investigates the effects of compost media prepared from okra plant residues (Abelmoschus esculentus), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum), camelthorn (Alhagi graecorum) and wild reed (Phragmites australis) on growth characteristics of tomato seedlings, and the enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and chitinase induced in tomato seedlings. The results showed that the compost prepared from okra residues provided the highest germination rate for tomato seeds, reaching 94.79%, followed by the reed compost with a germination rate of 92.70%. The wheat straw compost gave the lowest germination rate for tomato seeds at 87.49%. Additionally, the okra residue compost treatment significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of seedling height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, leaf area, dry weight of the shoot system, and dry weight of the root system, achieving values of 20.60 cm plant⁻¹, 4.17 mm plant⁻¹, 15.61 mg.g⁻¹, 115.07 cm² plant⁻¹, 0.92 g plant⁻¹, and 0.31 g plant⁻¹, respectively. followed by the Alhagi compost, wheat straw, and reed treatments, while commercial peat moss recorded the lowest values. Moreover, the okra residue compost provided the highest concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, reaching 3.47%, 0.34%, and 3.16%, respectively. Furthermore, the okra residue compost exhibited the highest enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and chitinase, reached to 2.62, 3.41, and 2.58 units/mL, respectively.
Thaer Turky; Abdulla Azawi; Momtaz Isaak
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 172-184
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of plow type and speed on tillage appearance and performance indicators in the 2022 farming season. Two plow types, moldboard and disc, and three plowing speeds (3.8 km/h, 5.756 km/h, and 7.584 km/h) were examined using a Massey Ferguson tractor. The experiment followed ...
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This study investigates the impact of plow type and speed on tillage appearance and performance indicators in the 2022 farming season. Two plow types, moldboard and disc, and three plowing speeds (3.8 km/h, 5.756 km/h, and 7.584 km/h) were examined using a Massey Ferguson tractor. The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replications. The results indicate that the disc plow outperformed the moldboard plow in the exploitation coefficient of working width, achieving 85.824% compared to 79.033%. The interaction of disc plow and 7.584 km/h resulted in the highest exploitation coefficient (92.528%). Regarding depth stability coefficient, the reversible disc plow showed superiority (91.433%) over the moldboard plow (85.924%). Speed significantly influenced depth stability, with 3.835 km/h achieving the highest coefficient (94.858%). Lateral deviation ratio was affected by plow type and speed, with the reversible moldboard plow and lower speed resulting in the lowest ratio (1.688%). The vertical deviation ratio was unaffected by plow type but increased with speed. The interaction of disc plow and 7.584 km/h recorded the highest ratio (7.865%). Field productivity was significantly impacted by plow type, speed, and their interaction, with the disc plow outperforming (0.493 hectares/hour vs. 0.418 hectares/hour). Energy consumption was influenced by plow type, speed, and their interaction, with the disc plow showing the lowest consumption (42.506 kWh/hectare) and the dump plow the highest (49.486 kWh/hectare). This study provides comprehensive insights into the effects of plow type and speed on various tillage indicators, highlighting the importance of considering these factors for optimizing agricultural practices.
Kareem I. Kareem
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 185-195
Abstract
The research was conducted in Dwgwndany Gawra, Daratoo, Bardarash, Duhok, Iraqi Kurdistan Regional from December 5th to 10th, 2022. The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different types of tires of a conventional disc seed drill, depth of seeding, and tractor forward speed on the amount ...
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The research was conducted in Dwgwndany Gawra, Daratoo, Bardarash, Duhok, Iraqi Kurdistan Regional from December 5th to 10th, 2022. The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different types of tires of a conventional disc seed drill, depth of seeding, and tractor forward speed on the amount of fuel consumption and time requirement. Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was carried out. A 1989-121 2WD Anter tractor was used for carrying out the purposes The study was carried out in a clay soil texture with a 15.27% soil moisture content and dry bulk density of 1.40 (gram/ cubic cm). Pneumatic and ironic tires were considered types of tires, while 2 and 4 cm were considered depth and 7 and 10 km/h as forward speed. The outcomes of the study indicated that lower and higher amounts of fuel were consumed with pneumatic tires at a depth of 2 cm at the speed of 7 km/h and ironic tires at a depth of 4 cm at the speed of 10 km/h respectively. The tractor with ironic tires at a depth of 4 cm at a speed of 10 km/h increased fuel consumption by approximately 25 %. In terms of time requirement minimal time was required in the depth of 2 cm at both levels of forward speed and types of tires the difference was approximately under 5%.
Mortadha ali Zwain; aqeel yosef alshukri
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 196-205
Abstract
The study was carried out from September 22 to October 27, 2024, in the poultry field at the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture / University of Kufa. The study aimed to investigate the effects of monochromatic light on broilers (Ross 308) and their productive characteristics. 180 ...
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The study was carried out from September 22 to October 27, 2024, in the poultry field at the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture / University of Kufa. The study aimed to investigate the effects of monochromatic light on broilers (Ross 308) and their productive characteristics. 180 one-day-old male Ross308 crossbred broiler chicks , were used. Each chick weighed an average of 42.5 grams. The chicks were fed three different diets: From one to ten days of age they were fed a starter diet, from eleven to twenty-four days, they were fed a grower diet; and from twenty-five to thirty-five days, they were fed a finisher diet. The three diets' respective energy contents were determined to be 2975, 3050, and 3100 kcal/kg. In that order, the protein content was also determined to be 23, 21.50, and 20.08 %. By employing a random distribution method, the one-day-old chicks were divided into four treatments. Each treatment consisted of 45 chicks, with three replicates. Each duplicate had 15 males. The treatments that were given were T1 (control, white light), T2 (blue light), T3 (red light), and T4 (green light). The study's findings revealed a statistically significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the ultimate live body weight, total feed consumption, testosterone, and overall weight increase (day 35) of the avian subjects in the T2 ( blue light ) in comparison to the control group, T1 and the other groups. The feed conversion ratio for the birds experienced a substantial enhancemen.
Salih N Hussein; Afarh Mustafa Mohammad; Ashraf Kamil Azeez; Asuman DURU
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 206-216
Abstract
The increasing cost of soybean meal (SBM) has created an urgent need for economically viable alternative protein sources that maintain equivalent nutritional efficiency in ruminant diets. So this study aimed to provide cost-effective feed alternatives to expensive soybean meal by replacing it with cheaper ...
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The increasing cost of soybean meal (SBM) has created an urgent need for economically viable alternative protein sources that maintain equivalent nutritional efficiency in ruminant diets. So this study aimed to provide cost-effective feed alternatives to expensive soybean meal by replacing it with cheaper materials while maintaining the same nutritional efficiency. The experiment was conducted at the Animal House, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University. Eighteen male Awassi lambs (3-4 months old, 20-26 kg initial weight) were randomly divided to three dietary treatments: T1, containing 8% soybean meal (SBM); T2, sesame meal replacement at 13% inclusion (SSM); and T3, sunflower meal replacement at 8% inclusion (SFM).. Rumen fluid samples were collected before feeding and 4 hours post-feeding to evaluate fermentation parameters, including pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). Results demonstrated that both alternative protein sources significantly enhanced rumen fermentation activity compared to the control group. Post-feeding measurements revealed that the sesame and sunflower meal groups achieved higher VFA concentrations (67.14 and 67.46 mg/100 mL, respectively) compared to soybean meal (63.94 mg/100 mL). Similarly, ammonia nitrogen levels were significantly elevated in the alternative protein groups (25.11 and 25.17 mg/100 mL) versus the control (23.87 mg/100 mL). The pH values remained within optimal ranges across all treatments, indicating healthy rumen function. These findings suggest that sesame meal and sunflower meal can effectively replace soybean meal in growing lamb diets, offering economically advantageous alternatives without compromising rumen fermentation efficiency or nutritional performance.
Maher M. Shabib
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 217-227
Abstract
This paper examined the household demand of three chicken meat namely Rayyan chicken, local chicken and imported chicken in Tikrit District and specifically the consumer food taste as a behavioral determinant of the quantity demanded. In 2024, cross-sectional data were gathered in 100 households on a ...
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This paper examined the household demand of three chicken meat namely Rayyan chicken, local chicken and imported chicken in Tikrit District and specifically the consumer food taste as a behavioral determinant of the quantity demanded. In 2024, cross-sectional data were gathered in 100 households on a structured questionnaire and transformed into an ordinal index with a scale of 03. Demand models of each type of chicken were estimated separately using the double-log. The findings indicated that Rayyan chicken was the healthiest choice by the households with 70, then local chicken with 20 and imported chicken with 10 percent. The results also indicated that the elasticity of taste was greatest in the case of Rayyan chicken, which shows that the elasticity of taste is the most responsive to sensory qualities and brand name. Local chicken had a medium elasticity and the lowest response was the imported chicken where they were more dependent on price and the convenience of storing. The findings confirm that one of the key elements that influence the demand of poultry in Tikrit District is food taste and that the organized national product has competitive advantage. The research reveals the significance of incorporating sensory qualities in the marketing plans and policy interventions to favor the local production of poultry.
Hind Noaman Harhoosh Al-Obaidi; Salman Shayya; Dany Azar
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 228-241
Abstract
The red flour beetle [Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797)] is a major secondary pest of stored wheat and flour, posing significant threats to both quantity and quality. In this study, we evaluated the effects of natural physical control methods, specifically temperature and humidity, on the larvae and ...
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The red flour beetle [Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797)] is a major secondary pest of stored wheat and flour, posing significant threats to both quantity and quality. In this study, we evaluated the effects of natural physical control methods, specifically temperature and humidity, on the larvae and adults of T. castaneum. A range of low temperatures (9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 °C) was tested in comparison to a warm control (31 °C), along with the use of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) and coarse salt (NaCl) to reduce ambient humidity in storage environments over five days. Results showed that DE and NaCl were particularly effective under cool conditions, with up to 80% mortality observed at 9 °C on the first day and complete mortality (100%) by day five. This preliminary study represents the first of its kind on Iraqi populations of T. castaneum, and offers promising insight for developing low-cost, sustainable and eco-friendly strategies for stored-product pest control.
Marwa Adil Hameed; Muna Salah Rasheid; Ayad Hameed Ibraheem
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 242-254
Abstract
The study aimed to compare the histology and histochemistry of the female reproductive system between two chicken species laying hens ( ISA Brown) and broiler chickens (Broilers Rose 308). Histologically, using routine stains (hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), the ovary at the age of 2 months ...
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The study aimed to compare the histology and histochemistry of the female reproductive system between two chicken species laying hens ( ISA Brown) and broiler chickens (Broilers Rose 308). Histologically, using routine stains (hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), the ovary at the age of 2 months in both chicken species was covered by the germinal layer, which consists of simple cuboidal epithelium. Towards the inside of the cortex, there were primary and secondary ovarian follicles, but the number of follicles was greater in laying hens than in broiler chickens. The ovary of laying hens was more clearly visible than in broiler chickens. The ovarian cortex in both chicken species contained primary, secondary, and tertiary ovarian follicles, but in broiler chickens, it showed atrophy, depressions, and an irregular shape. The ovary of a 6-month-old laying hen contains mature ovarian follicles in the center of the ovary, indicating sexual maturity and readiness for ovulation. This is in contrast to the ovary of a broiler, where the follicles were few, appeared atrophied, and were close to the ovarian cortex. The results of histochemistry using Masson's trichrome stain revealed that the ovaries of both laying hens and broiler hens exhibited a positive reaction at different ages, with the cytoplasm of the ovarian follicles and connective tissue fibers showing a red color. Collagen fibers, however, took on a green color from the stain and were abundant in the ovaries of broiler hens of different ages, compared to the ovaries of laying hens, which showed a lower reaction to the stain.
Muhammed Alsuvaid; YUSUF DEMİR
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 255-273
Abstract
Salinity is one of the important factors that limit plant growth and development. Therefore, new tools must be developed to use saline water in agriculture and reduce its harm. One of these tools is the use of magnetically treated water to irrigate crops, which has an effective effect on the development ...
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Salinity is one of the important factors that limit plant growth and development. Therefore, new tools must be developed to use saline water in agriculture and reduce its harm. One of these tools is the use of magnetically treated water to irrigate crops, which has an effective effect on the development and growth of plants and reduces the accumulation of salts in the soil. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the effect of the interaction between magnetic treatment (MT), non-magnetic (NMT) and the salinity of irrigation water (T1 = 0.38 dSm-1 (tap water), T2 = 1.50 dSm-1, T3 = 4.50 dSm-1 and T4 = 7.0 dSm-1) on the amount of accumulated salt (ASA) and relative water content of leaves (RLWC) and quantitative effects on the growth parameters of the Bean. The study results showed that salinity stress led to a significant decrease in total plant fresh weight (TPFW), leaf relative water content (RLWC), and total plant dry weight (TPDW), While it increased (ASA) significantly. Magnetically treated irrigation water (MT) increased the (TPFW) and weight (TPDW) by 25.24% and 21.47%, respectively, while the (ASA) decreased by 22.70% compared with NMT treatment. The highest (RLWC) values were obtained at MT with T1 salinity (tap water) (0.38 dSm-1) and were 79.27%. The yield response factor (Ky) value was found 1.68 and 1.69 for MT and NMT treatments, respectively. The results showed that magnetic water has a positive effect on the quantitative effects of bean plant growth indicators and that salinity reduces plant growth.
Atheer Saber Mustafa; Omar Nazhan Ali; Qatada Ibrahim Abdullah
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 274-283
Abstract
To study the effect of ascorbic acid concentration and harvest date on the percentage of grain yield loss in corn, an experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture Research Station, Tikrit University. The experiment included three local corn varieties (Baghdad, Sara, and Fajir), three concentrations ...
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To study the effect of ascorbic acid concentration and harvest date on the percentage of grain yield loss in corn, an experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture Research Station, Tikrit University. The experiment included three local corn varieties (Baghdad, Sara, and Fajir), three concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 100, and 200 mg L⁻¹), and three harvest dates (30, 40, and 50 days after pollination) during the fall season on 15/7/2023. The results showed no significant differences among the varieties for the traits studied. However, ascorbic acid had a significant effect on the percentage of broken grains and the weight of broken grains. Spraying with 200 mg L⁻¹ resulted in the highest values 2.587% for broken grain percentage and 180.09 kg ha⁻¹ for broken grain weight. This treatment also produced the highest net grain yield, reaching 6790.96 kg ha⁻¹. Harvest date significantly affected all measured traits. Moisture content decreased by 15% between the first and third harvest dates. The percentage of remaining grains on the cob after shelling, as well as their weight, increased with earlier harvests. Specifically, the remaining grain percentages were 0.5248%, 2.0922%, and 3.4085%, and their corresponding weights were 39.98, 149.33, and 222.2 kg ha⁻¹ at harvests taken 50, 40, and 30 days after pollination, respectively. The percentage of broken grains increased from 0.7719% to 3.563%, and their weight rose from 54.23 to 232.94 kg ha⁻¹ as harvest timing moved from 50 to 30 days after pollination. Total grain loss also increased from 1.301% to 6.972%, and from 94.21 to 457.02 kg ha⁻¹. Meanwhile, the net grain yield decreased from 7203.93 to 6080.55 kg ha⁻¹ between the same two harvest dates.
Ahmed chyad Ali; Yaseen Abd AL-Janabi
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 284-297
Abstract
The experiment study of field was conducted in an agricultural field in Anbar Governorate, Ramadi District, throughout the spring period of 2024, for investigation effect of seed stimulation with amino acid (tryptophan) and dried yeast suspension on the distinctness of field and several characteristic ...
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The experiment study of field was conducted in an agricultural field in Anbar Governorate, Ramadi District, throughout the spring period of 2024, for investigation effect of seed stimulation with amino acid (tryptophan) and dried yeast suspension on the distinctness of field and several characteristic of growth and yield of sorghum. Applied the experiment of 2-factor by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) through split-plot system and 3 duplicate, the seed stimulation treatment with the amino acid tryptophan at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L- considered the major factor Furthermore the control treatment no spraying. The secondary factor was spraying yeast at three concentrations 1500, 2500 and 3500 mg L-1, furthermore the control treatment no spraying. The best results according to the statistical analysis were for tryptophan at a concentration of 200 mg L-1, which showed the fewest days for the flowering period, which amounted to 66.00 days, the highest plant length, the largest leaf size, the chlorophyll index, the number of grains per head, weight for 500 heads, and the individual plant productivity, which amounted to 197.25 cm2, 4615 cm2, 53.33 SPAD, 2018.5 grains per head, 14.66 g, and 58.94 g respectively. Regarding the results of spraying by dry yeast , the concentration of 3500 mg was superior, giving the highest average field emergence percentage (74.11%) and field emergence speed (66.56%). The lowest number of days to reach 75% flowering (67.22 days) was recorded, as were the highest averages for plant height, leaf size, the grains number of per head, the weight of 500-grain , and individual the crop of plant (191.78 cm², 4306 cm², 53 SPAD, 1984.4 grains per head, 14.22 g, and 56.69 g), respectively. This study concludes that stimulating seeds with dry yeast suspension or the amino acid tryptophan, especially at high concentrations, improved in field indicators, growth and sorghum crop , and that this would provide effective treatment for seeds suffering from weak germination.
Manal Mahdi; Ali H. Abdulwahhab; Ali N. Abdul-Ghaffar
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 298-312
Abstract
This study investigated the extraction of microbial carotenoids from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and evaluated their potential application as natural colorants in juice formulations. The antibacterial activity of the bio produced β-carotene demonstrated a clear concentration-dependent effect, with ...
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This study investigated the extraction of microbial carotenoids from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and evaluated their potential application as natural colorants in juice formulations. The antibacterial activity of the bio produced β-carotene demonstrated a clear concentration-dependent effect, with inhibition zones reaching 21.67 mm for E. coli, 18.0 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, and 20.0 mm for Salmonella spp. at 50 mg/mL. Sensory evaluation revealed no significant differences among carotenoid-fortified juice, commercial juice, and natural juice across all attributes, indicating high consumer acceptability. Chemical analysis showed a significant increase in total acidity in carotenoid-fortified and natural juices (0.18–0.19), while commercial juice recorded the lowest value (0.13). Mineral content (K, Ca, Na) and pH exhibited no significant variation among treatments, whereas total soluble solids were highest in commercial juice (0.45 g/100 mL). Microbiological assessment confirmed the absence of E. coli, yeasts, and molds in all samples, with low total bacterial counts, reflecting adequate microbial quality. Overall, the findings demonstrate that microbial β-carotene is a promising natural pigment with functional antibacterial activity and suitable technological performance for use in juice production.
Kana Yuliviana; Marcella Nur Wijayanti; Annisa Nur; Darmawan Saptadi; Noer Rahmi Ardiarini; Hagus Tarno; Chindy Ulima Zanetta; Prakit Somta; Budi Waluyo
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 313-334
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium Oxysporum f. sp. pisi, represents one of the most significant challenges to global pea (Pisum sativum L.) production, leading to substantial yield losses under favorable conditions for disease development. Conventional control approaches, such as crop rotation and chemical ...
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Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium Oxysporum f. sp. pisi, represents one of the most significant challenges to global pea (Pisum sativum L.) production, leading to substantial yield losses under favorable conditions for disease development. Conventional control approaches, such as crop rotation and chemical treatments, have shown limited long-term effectiveness, thereby reinforcing the importance of breeding for durable genetic resistance. This study aimed to identify promising pea genotypes that exhibit resistance to Fusarium wilt through an integrated evaluation of disease progression and multivariate variability. A total of 84 genotypes were tested under greenhouse conditions using naturally infested soil. Disease symptoms were recorded weekly, and cumulative disease severity was quantified using a standardized rating system. Based on symptom development, the genotypes were initially classified into resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible groups. Multivariate analyses revealed clear phenotypic differentiation among these groups. Several genotypes consistently displayed reduced disease severity, indicating their potential value for future breeding programs. Statistical analyses validated the classification using dimensionality reduction and discrimination techniques. This study demonstrates that integrating disease severity data with multivariate analyses provides an effective and reproducible framework for the early identification of resistant genotypes. The promising genotypes identified herein serve as valuable genetic resources for developing resistant cultivars that support the sustainability of legume production under increasing biotic stress conditions.
Ali Mohammed NOORI; Jwan Ali Hussein
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 335-347
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the influence of plant growth regulators on the initiation of callus formation in various parts of the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant, specifically in nodal segments and shoot tips taken from the multiplication stage, under in vitro conditions.The explants were cultured on ...
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This study aimed to examine the influence of plant growth regulators on the initiation of callus formation in various parts of the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant, specifically in nodal segments and shoot tips taken from the multiplication stage, under in vitro conditions.The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was supplemented with various combination of naphthalene acetic acid NAA (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L) and benzyladenine (BA) at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/L. The results revealed that the treatment with 0.3 mg/L BA combined with 1.5 mg/L NAA led to the highest callus induction rate in nodal segments, with a maximum fresh weight of 0.1017 g. Similarly, the same treatment produced the highest fresh weight of callus in shoot tips, reaching 0.1491 g. In this study, the callus segments derived from both nodes and shoot tips were encapsulated using a sodium alginate solution at a concentration of 2% (w/v), then transferred into a 2% (w/v) calcium chloride solution, which led to the formation of a transparent gel matrix around the callus. This encapsulation process achieved a 100% success rate, with complete survival when stored at 4°C for duration of 28 days. Furthermore, callus samples were collected and analyzed for active compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), yielding the highest concentrations of 1704 ppm of stevioside and 98.7 ppm of rebaudioside A, extracted from apical meristem-derived callus. The aim of this study was to optimize callus induction, somatic embryogenesis and artificial seed production in Stevia rebaudiana.
Ali Ahmed; Sara Fadul; Waheeba Ahmed; Ammar AL-Farga; Islam Ragab
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 348-364
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional properties, antioxidant activity, and antihyperlipidemic effects of Sudanese Annona senegalensis fruits. The proximate composition and mineral content of the pulp, seeds, and external crust were analyzed, while the antihyperlipidemic activity was ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional properties, antioxidant activity, and antihyperlipidemic effects of Sudanese Annona senegalensis fruits. The proximate composition and mineral content of the pulp, seeds, and external crust were analyzed, while the antihyperlipidemic activity was specifically evaluated using ethanolic extracts from the pulp and external crust (seeds were not used in the in vivo study). Thirty hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control (A), high-cholesterol diet (B), atorvastatin treatment (C), pulp extract (D), crust extract (E), and mixed extract (F). Results revealed distinct nutritional profiles: pulp showed high carbohydrate content (77.37%), seeds contained substantial oil (24.09%) and fiber (49.01%), while the crust demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity (71.91%). The high-cholesterol diet (Group B) significantly increased total cholesterol (from 50.60 to 67.60 mg/dL) and HDL (from 46.00 to 61.00 mg/dL), while decreasing LDL (from 48.20 to 49.20 mg/dL, non-significant) and triglycerides (from 35.00 to 24.00 mg/dL) compared to normal controls. Treatment with mixed extract (Group F) showed the most potent hypocholesterolemic effect, significantly reducing TC (41.80 to 30.75 mg/dL) and TG (60.40 to 45.25 mg/dL). The crust extract (Group E) significantly increased HDL levels (40.50 to 65.00 mg/dL). These findings demonstrate that A. senegalensis fruits, particularly the crust, possess strong antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic properties, with potential applications in managing hyperlipidemia.
Nagam Khudhair; THEFAF ABDULLAH AHMED; Ahmed Khalid Ahmed
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 365-377
Abstract
RAN, A member of the small GTPase superfamily, is involved in various cellular signaling pathways. That regulates cell cycle progression and protein synthesis. This study aimed to investigate how Ran influences key signaling pathways associated with cell survival, proliferation, and milk protein synthesis ...
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RAN, A member of the small GTPase superfamily, is involved in various cellular signaling pathways. That regulates cell cycle progression and protein synthesis. This study aimed to investigate how Ran influences key signaling pathways associated with cell survival, proliferation, and milk protein synthesis (mTOR and Jak2/Stat5). Tissue samples were obtained from six mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows with high genetic merit. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of mTOR, phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) , Stat5 and phosphorylated Stat5 (p-Stat5) after Ran overexpression after Ran timely and stable transfection, the β-casein secreted by bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) was quantified using HPLC and Cell viability was assessed with CASY cell counter. The results showed that after Ran Overexpression significantly enhanced cell viability and increased the expression of mTOR , p-mTOR , Stat5 and p-Stat5. The cell viability was significantly increased, furthermore the expression of mTOR, p-mTOR, Stat5, and p-Stat5 were also significantly increased. Thus, these findings suggest that Ran positively regulates the Jak2/Stat5 pathway and mTOR Signaling pathways, thereby promoting milk protein synthesis in BMECs.
Mohammad Hasan Dawood; Abdulaziz A. Abdulaziz A.
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 378-390
Abstract
Heat stress caused by climate change makes it hard to grow potatoes in semi-arid areas, and it also makes pests more of a problem. This study examined the cultivar-specific responses of two Solanum tuberosum cultivars to a foliar VIGORIZER biostimulant (25% Ascophyllum nodosum, 0.5% glycine betaine, ...
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Heat stress caused by climate change makes it hard to grow potatoes in semi-arid areas, and it also makes pests more of a problem. This study examined the cultivar-specific responses of two Solanum tuberosum cultivars to a foliar VIGORIZER biostimulant (25% Ascophyllum nodosum, 0.5% glycine betaine, 0.05% Fe-EDDHA) under field circumstances in Nineveh, Iraq, where temperatures above 28 °C during tuberization. A split-plot randomized complete block design examined a heat-sensitive cultivar ('Riviera') and a heat-tolerant cultivar ('Arizona') with and without the management of a biostimulant. There were big differences between genotypes. Using biostimulants made 'Riviera' plants perform much better. The tuber weight increased from 192 to 385 g plant⁻¹, the total yield was from 0.49 to 0.82 kg plant⁻¹, the SPAD chlorophyll index went up by 4.4 units, and the tuber crude protein went up by 46%. The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) caused 57% less damage to the leaves of treated "Riviera" plants. "Arizona" showed slight but important gains in yield and nutritional levels. Physiological and nutrient analyses connected the improvements in "Riviera" to better nitrogen uptake (leaf N went from 2.94% to 3.48%) and more stable photosystem II. A notable cultivar × treatment interaction (η² = 0.74) demonstrates that biostimulant efficacy is contingent upon genotype. These results show that applying foliar biostimulants to certain areas can help plants deal with heat stress and make them stronger and more resistant to pests in potato varieties that are prone to them.
Riyadh S. Hammood; Ahmed S. Abdullah; Bashar A. Mossa
Volume 25, Issue 4 , December 2025, Pages 391-406
Abstract
This research aims to identify the role of electronic extension in disseminating agricultural technologies from the perspective of maize farmers in the Salah al-Din Governorate’s Al-Alam District, and to determine the role of electronic extension in each of the following areas of study: land preparation ...
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This research aims to identify the role of electronic extension in disseminating agricultural technologies from the perspective of maize farmers in the Salah al-Din Governorate’s Al-Alam District, and to determine the role of electronic extension in each of the following areas of study: land preparation and seeding, crop management, harvesting, and marketing. The study population included all 250 yellow corn farmers in the Al-Alam district. A 40% sample was selected, resulting in 100 farmers participating in the research procedures. The role of electronic extension was measured using a questionnaire consisting of three sections. Each section had three answer options: large role, medium role, and weak role. The responses were assigned numbers (1, 2, and 3, respectively), resulting in a total score ranging from 25 to 75. Data was collected in January 2025 and subsequently analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the overall role of electronic extension websites was moderate, tending towards high. This suggests that yellow corn farmers use social media to learn about modern agricultural technologies. The research also indicated that educational attainment, years of agricultural experience, and ownership of agricultural machinery and equipment are significantly related to determining. The social media’s role in disseminating agricultural technologies. The researchers recommended providing training courses on how to utilize social media to improve agricultural production and establishing specialized social media platforms that connect farmers and agricultural advisors.
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