Karkaz M. Thalij; Nazik Salman
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 1-16
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the total number of viable bacteria and to determine the contamination of microbial isolates in shawarma sandwich samples from 10 restaurants in the city of Duhuk. By collecting 100 samples of shawarma from 10 restaurants, 5 of which are open and the other 5 are ...
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This study was performed to determine the total number of viable bacteria and to determine the contamination of microbial isolates in shawarma sandwich samples from 10 restaurants in the city of Duhuk. By collecting 100 samples of shawarma from 10 restaurants, 5 of which are open and the other 5 are closed restaurants. The results showed that the Shawarma samples, restaurant buildings, equipment, and employees were contaminated with total viable microbial counts of. E. coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella and fungi which were in the Shawarma samples on average above acceptable standards for human consumption, except for the Shawarma samples from the restaurant F2 posted above Microbial counts They were log 5.30, 0.0, 4.5, 0.0 and 0.0 CFU/g, respectively. Identification of microbial isolates showed that Shawarma samples were contaminated with different species of bacteria, and yeasts, after assay the morphological, microscopic and biochemical characterization, they appeared as Staphylococcus sp., Salmonella sp., E.coli, Klebsiella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. From the results, they concluded that the samples from the restaurants were contaminated with various microorganisms at levels not permitted for human consumption. Contamination from restaurant buildings, equipment, and employees was also found to have a significant effect on increasing contamination levels in Shawarma samples.
Hadeer Faris Hamoodi; Nada Mohammed Aliwi; Mayes Abdulhadi Mahdi; Zahraa Kareem Raheem; Ahmed Jabbar Obaid
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 17-30
Abstract
The creation of huge amounts of proteins, high yields, and low toxicity of the residues make the fungi as reducing agents in the manufacture of silver nanoparticles.Silver nanoparticles are produced from fungi allow for the control of infections. They can use as antimicrobials in health and agriculture. ...
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The creation of huge amounts of proteins, high yields, and low toxicity of the residues make the fungi as reducing agents in the manufacture of silver nanoparticles.Silver nanoparticles are produced from fungi allow for the control of infections. They can use as antimicrobials in health and agriculture. Current study aimed to produce silver nanoparticles from Curvularia tuberculata fungus that was isolated from the soil. C. tuberculata mycelium filtrate had developed in a liquid fermentation medium in glass flasks for 10 days and resolved with silver nitrate salt AgNo3.The biosynthesis procedure was found by watching the color turns yellow to brown or dark brown by using Ultraviolet spectrometry (UV)that showed absorption peaks at wavelengths 420- 430 nm. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was revealed the nanoparticles in spherical shapes with dimensions 8–100 nm. The spectrum revealed the existence of amide groups and protein residues, as well as carboxyl groups. The chemical groups in charge of the biosynthesis and encapsulation of nanoparticles were also found using the infrared spectrum (IR) for both fungal filtrates and the resulting particles after converting them into powder. The C. tuberculata showed its ability of silver nanoparticles biosynthesis after 42 hours of incubation. The silver particles produced by fungi detected inhibitory activity against the pathogenic bacteria including P. aeruginosa and S. typhi, they also showed scavenging activity against C. albicans yeast. In conclusion: the C. tuberculata fungus showed the ability to produce silver nanoparticles and the possibility of using particles as antibiotics for pathogenic bacteria and yeasts.
Salwan M. Abdulateef; Omar K. Attallah; Wassan D. M. Al-Obeidi; Muthanna M. Awad; Mohanad A. Shareef; Srwd S. Shawkat; Thafer Thabit Mohammed
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 31-45
Abstract
Understanding the effects of prenatal bioacoustic cues (PBC) on embryogenesis and neurogenesis has an important and prominent role in bird biology. This study examined how vital acoustic signals affect the neurogenesis and the physiological development of embryos. The study was conducted at the hatcheries ...
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Understanding the effects of prenatal bioacoustic cues (PBC) on embryogenesis and neurogenesis has an important and prominent role in bird biology. This study examined how vital acoustic signals affect the neurogenesis and the physiological development of embryos. The study was conducted at the hatcheries of the Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sulaymaniyah, using 480 fertilized eggs (Ross 308) with four treatments: CO (control without sound), HC (hen call), CH (chick call), and CWH (chick with hen call). Each treatment was divided into four replicates of 30 eggs each. The sounds, at 15 minutes per hour daily, were monitored from day 5 until the eggs hatched. The results indicate that compared to the CO, the other three groups had significantly higher embryogenesis (p<0.01) for embryonic mass, chick body weight, hatchability, and embryo index (EI). The neurological characteristics of neurons, brain mass, and brain index (BI) were similarly significantly higher (p<0.01) in the HC, CH, and CWH groups than in the CO. Compared to the CO group, corticosterone hormone levels for the other groups showed substantial improvement (p<0.01). In conclusion, PBC improves nerve signal transmission within the embryo, stimulates nerve creation, and improves embryonic growth and development. This results in enhanced biological processes and optimal embryonic development while lowering stress and corticosterone levels.
Yasseen AL-Bhadly; Kareem Hanon Mohsen
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 46-60
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the fields of a farmer in west of Maysan Governorate (latitude 30.51° N and longitude 47.06° E) during the fall season of 2023. The study aimed to investigate the effect of four mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties (Local, Omrani, Parto, and Ghohar) cultivated ...
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A field experiment was conducted at the fields of a farmer in west of Maysan Governorate (latitude 30.51° N and longitude 47.06° E) during the fall season of 2023. The study aimed to investigate the effect of four mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties (Local, Omrani, Parto, and Ghohar) cultivated at three different planting distances (20, 25, and 30 cm) on some growth traits and yield. The experiment was conducted using split plots in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, occupying the planting distances for the main plots, and the varieties for the sub-plots. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences among the varieties for most studied traits. The Ghohar variety (V4) outperformed the other varieties in most parameters, producing the highest seed yield of 2.346 tons ha⁻¹. Additionally, the Omrani variety (V2) recorded the highest number of seeds per pod, while the Local (V1) and Parto (V3) varieties showed the lowest values for the studied traits. The planting distance of 25 cm significantly improved leaf number, leaf area, and leaf area index, resulting in the highest seed yield of 2.304 tons ha⁻¹. Meanwhile, the 20 cm planting distance significantly increased plant height, reaching 52.21 cm. The interaction between the Ghohar variety (V4) and the 25 cm planting distance showed superiority in growth traits, such as leaf number, leaf area, and leaf area index, which translated into the highest seed yield of 3.017 tons ha⁻¹.
Nahla T Khalid; Shatha Alkhalidy; Shaymaa Khairi; Shaymaa Lafta
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 61-81
Abstract
The core portion of the wheat grain that results from the milling process is called the germ. Therefore, the study's goal was to create alcoholic, water-based extracts and oil of wheat germ, and to produce cream using a major proportion of the extracts and oil. The oil was extracted by supercritical ...
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The core portion of the wheat grain that results from the milling process is called the germ. Therefore, the study's goal was to create alcoholic, water-based extracts and oil of wheat germ, and to produce cream using a major proportion of the extracts and oil. The oil was extracted by supercritical fluid method (SFE) using CO2 as solvent. Our experiment used a GC-MS, or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to examine and determine the wheat germ oil components. Phytochemical screening detected glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, coumarin, saponin, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids, in the wheat germ extracts and oil. Additionally, the study examined the effects of various extracts on the antioxidants, free fatty acids, and organoleptic characteristics of freshly made and stored cream samples for ten days at 8°C ± 1. It was found that wheat germ oil extract exerted stronger antioxidant activity than ethanol and water extracts. This research showed that the incorporation of oil from wheat germ at a concentration of 0.4% could extend samples of cream that can be stored for up to 10 days at 8 ± 1°C. This extension in shelf life was achieved without the need for any chemical preservatives, while still maintaining acceptable taste, flavor, and texture. This study found that wheat germ oil and extracts offer a substitute for artificial preservatives in the food industry. It will also assist researchers in identifying important aspects of functional dairy products that many others could not investigate
Abdu Hussein Jaafer Abdullah; Mohammed A. Jasim Aldoghachi; Qusay Hamid Al-Hamadany
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 82-97
Abstract
Due to the lack of studies that were conducted on fish populations and the impacts of the tide on fish diversity, composition, and abundance in the East Hammar Marsh, to evaluate the status of the marsh from January to December 2020. Some ecological variables were measured and represented by water temperature, ...
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Due to the lack of studies that were conducted on fish populations and the impacts of the tide on fish diversity, composition, and abundance in the East Hammar Marsh, to evaluate the status of the marsh from January to December 2020. Some ecological variables were measured and represented by water temperature, salinity concentrations, and hydrogen ions. A total of 4217 individual fish were caught from the study area, epitomizing 18 families belonging to 29 genera and 37 fish species, all affiliated with Osteichthyes. Cyprinidae and Engraulidae represented the most abundant families, shared in four species each. Four species preside over the East Hammar marsh, forming 62.58% of the total number of species in the investigated area: Planiliza abu, Carassius gibelio, Thrayssa whiteheadi, and Poecilia latipinna recorded 20.44%, 17.76%, 14.28%, and 10.10%, respectively. The fish fauna diversity included the native species, where 14 species formed 28.05% of the total caught. Nine exotic species comprise 48.19% of the overall fish. The marine species were 14 species, counting 23.76% of the total catch. The present study concluded that the marsh was subjected to deterioration in the environment due to increased salinity, which led to a change in fish assemblage composition to exotic, ornamental fish and marine species, with a decline in the number of individuals of native fish species.
Ali Adnan Hassouni; Lamiaa Mahmood Al-Freeh
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 98-118
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during winter of 2023–2024 at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basra. The response of four triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars, namely, Admiral, Farah, Amal 7 and Almohanad, to different seeding rates (140, ...
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A field experiment was conducted during winter of 2023–2024 at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basra. The response of four triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars, namely, Admiral, Farah, Amal 7 and Almohanad, to different seeding rates (140, 160 and 180 kg ha⁻1) was evaluated with regard to physiological growth characteristics and yield performance. The experiment was designed as a randomised complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, which was replicated three times. Seeding rates were assigned to the main plots, whilst cultivars were allocated to the subplots. Results revealed significant differences amongst triticale cultivars for most of the studied traits. The Farah cultivar exhibited superior performance, with the highest plant height (126.25 cm), flag leaf area (51.69 cm2), leaf area index (4.01), leaf area duration (146.70 day⁻1), crop growth rate (23.11 g m⁻2 day⁻1), chlorophyll content in the flag leaf (83.39 mg g⁻1 fresh weight) and grain yield (5.53 t ha⁻1). Increasing the seeding rate from 140 to 180 kg ha⁻1 led to a higher tiller density, reaching 634.40 tillers m⁻2. Furthermore, a seeding rate of 160 kg ha⁻1 was found to optimise grain yield across all cultivars, achieving a maximum yield of 4.53 t ha⁻1. Based on these findings, cultivating the Farah cultivar at a seeding rate of 160 kg ha⁻1 can enhance yield performance.
khoshi kamil Muhammad Rashid; Mohammed, A. A.
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 119-134
Abstract
The growth and development of rice are significantly impacted by high temperatures, which also increases the sterility percentage. The consequences of extreme heat can be mitigated by selecting appropriate sowing dates for rice genotypes, particularly during flowering. In a pot experiment conducted from ...
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The growth and development of rice are significantly impacted by high temperatures, which also increases the sterility percentage. The consequences of extreme heat can be mitigated by selecting appropriate sowing dates for rice genotypes, particularly during flowering. In a pot experiment conducted from April to November 2024, three genotypes of japonica rice and one indica genotype were cultivated using three sowing dates: April 21, May 11, and June 11. Phenology and sterility percentage were ascertained in addition to the accumulation of Growing Degree Days, calculated for every stage from seedling to physiological maturity (PM). The effect of the three different sowing dates and the response of rice genotypes were found to differ significantly. The longest growing period (143.500 days) was for the first date with a maximum amount of GDD (3262.400) needed to reach PM, whereas the third sowing date had the shortest period (114.417 days) and the lowest GDD (2595.338). High temperatures caused differences in sterility among rice genotypes, depending on the environmental conditions provided by three sowing dates; the highest and lowest sterility percentages of V1, V2, and V3 were obtained in SD1 and SD3. The Banikhellan genotype had a far higher grain production (56.001g) than the others, whilst the Indica type produced the least (29.619g). As a result, the Indica genotype Sadry had 40% sterility, whereas the Japonica rice genotypes Banikhellan, Akre1, and Akre2 displayed more tolerance, so any rice genotype's appropriate sowing date greatly depends on the timing of the flowering and pollination.
EshraQ.Gehad T Khudair; Bahira M. Al-Timim; Sanaa A. Al Sahib
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 134-152
Abstract
This study examined the effects of hydrothermal extraction and filter paper purification on the active phenolic components of dried safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Subsequently, the solvent was evaporated using a Bochi Mrs. B-200 spray dryer. The active phenolic components of the plant extract were ...
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This study examined the effects of hydrothermal extraction and filter paper purification on the active phenolic components of dried safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Subsequently, the solvent was evaporated using a Bochi Mrs. B-200 spray dryer. The active phenolic components of the plant extract were separated by ultrasonication in an ethanol-water mixture. Then, reverse-phase HPLC analysis quantified specific phenolic components using a SYKAM HPLC chromatographic system equipped with a UV detector. Double extraction was utilized to assess saponin content, and secoisolariciresinol was isolated from that extract. Triple tests measured total glycosides in milligrams of secoisolariciresinol per gram of dry extracts. The terpenoids percentage of compounds was determined.Four components of the hot aqueous extract of safflower were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The longest retention time was 7.02 seconds for qurcetine, and the shortest was 3.82 seconds for rutin. Concentrations of the compounds increased, with qurcetine and keamferol achieving the highest concentrations, reaching 97.4 and 88.6 ppm, respectively. Rutin's concentration decreased to 49.8 ppm. Peroxides were estimated in the croissant product produced in the laboratory over 10 days. Treatment T2 achieved the highest peroxide reduction. The results indicated a significant increase in TBA, bacterial count, and free fatty acids (FFA) compared to the control treatment. A significant decrease was observed in the values of TBA, bacterial count, and free fatty acids for the control treatment, where the addition of 300 and 200 mg MDA/Kg of extract had the highest bacterial inhibitory activity oxidation and free fatty acids during storage period.
Duaa Ahmed alayadi; Rand Salwan Numan; Noura B. Abdulrahman
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 153-171
Abstract
In the current study, 60 samples of different cheeses were examined to determine the extent of fungal contamination. The results showed the presence of mold in 24 samples (40%) and yeast in 16 samples (26.6%). The results of the local white cheese showed that this type of cheese had the highest percentage ...
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In the current study, 60 samples of different cheeses were examined to determine the extent of fungal contamination. The results showed the presence of mold in 24 samples (40%) and yeast in 16 samples (26.6%). The results of the local white cheese showed that this type of cheese had the highest percentage of mold contamination, reaching 33.3%, and the presence of yeast in it was 2.3%. Aspergillus fumigatus recorded the highest percentage of contamination, representing 62.5% of the total mold contamination in the cheese in the current study. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger were the most contaminating mold species in the studied cheese, representing 25% of the total mold. Aspergillus flavus and Mucor circinelloides accounted for 12.5%. The study showed the presence of Pencillium roqueforti and Rhizopus stolonifer in approximately 8.33% of the examined samples. Acremonium falciforme and Pencilium commune were less common, with an average prevalence of 4.16% across all cheeses. The most prevalent yeast in cheese was Debaryomyces hansenii, accounting for 43.75% of the cheeses studied, followed by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, at approximately 25%, and Candida lipolytica, at 18.75%. Candida albicans was less common, accounting for 12.5% of all samples. This study confirmed the identity of the two fungal species using BLAST analysis, achieving 100% accuracy for Aspergillus fumigatus and 99% accuracy for Mucor circinelloides, with one gene mutation observed. These results confirm the importance of genome sequencing in fungal classification and evolutionary relationships.
Ghalib Abdul Kadhim Muhaibis
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 172-180
Abstract
One of the basic tasks in agricultural mechanization technology is to reduce energy consumption in agricultural operations, especially in tillage . Experiment was conducted in fields of Al- Bdaa in Iraq season 2024 . this research studied, Soil Disturbed Volum , Practical productivity, and Tractive efficiency. ...
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One of the basic tasks in agricultural mechanization technology is to reduce energy consumption in agricultural operations, especially in tillage . Experiment was conducted in fields of Al- Bdaa in Iraq season 2024 . this research studied, Soil Disturbed Volum , Practical productivity, and Tractive efficiency. best Indicator involved three levels of tractor speeds (2.70, 3.40 ,3.78 km . hr-1) and three levels of tilt depths (18 , 22 , 27)cm. Factorial Experiments under (RCPD ) with three replications was used in this study . It was verified superiority tractor velocity 3.78 km.h-1 gets highest value soil disturbed volume which amounted 100.9m3.hr-1and higher Practical productivity 0.813 ha.hr -1 , while velocity 2 .70km.hr-1 gets less tractive efficiency 63.23 %, tillage depth 18 cm gets lowest percentage of tractive efficiency 62.11% ,depth tilled 27 cm by using moldboard plow gets highest value in soil disturbed volume 98.19m3.hr-1and practical productivity 0.843 ha.hr-1. interaction between tractor speed 3.78km.hr-1 with tillage depth 27 cm was superior in getting the highest(S. D. V)100.9m3.hr-1 . practical productivity 0.907 ha.hr-1 and higher tractive efficiency 72.00 %.
Yassen Taha Abdul-Rahaman; Mazin Khalid Mahmood
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 181-192
Abstract
This study aimed to detect pregnancy by ultrasonography, progesterone and PAG in local Iraqi ewes. This experiment was conducted in the breeding season and region at Saqlawiya/ Al-Anbar province, period from 1/9/2023 until 1/3/2024. Thirty-seven polyparous nonpregnant ewes aged 2-4 years and twelve matur ...
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This study aimed to detect pregnancy by ultrasonography, progesterone and PAG in local Iraqi ewes. This experiment was conducted in the breeding season and region at Saqlawiya/ Al-Anbar province, period from 1/9/2023 until 1/3/2024. Thirty-seven polyparous nonpregnant ewes aged 2-4 years and twelve matur rams were with used, their weight ranged between 45.3±3 kg. The animals were examined with Trans-Rectal Ultrasonography (TRU) and trans-abdominal (TAU) to ensure that thay were non pregnant. Estrus synchronization was achieved by applied intra vaginal sponges for 14 days. Twelve breeding rams used to estrus detection and breeding. Ewes underwent ultrasonic examination at day 34 post-mating (PM) by TAU. Hormonal assay were conducted at day (34) PM, Ovine Pregnancy Associated Glycoprotein (PAG) from day 34 PM estemal. All ewes showed Estrus. Moreover, the diagnosis of pregnancy by ultrasound examination was better at days 34 of pregnancy followed by the PAG and then the progesterone hormone. Additionlly, ultrasonography method recorded higher accuracy for pregnancy detection in days 34 PM comparison PAG assay and progesterone assay. In conclusion the ultrasonography is regarded as one of the most precise and up-to-date techniques for diagnosing pregnancy followed by progesterone assay and PAG and pregnancy could be accurately detected by ultrasound on the 34th day of pregnancy in ewes.
hayder AbdulMunem turk; Mahmood Talib Mahmood; Mazin Mossa Abid Ameen; Radhiyah Ali Hasan Ahmad; Abdel Rahman Mohammad Al Tawaha
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 193-204
Abstract
The research was conducted in one of the fields of the Department of Plant Production in the desert region affiliated with the Directorate of Agriculture of the Karbala Governorate for the purpose of studying the effect of spraying the shoots of the Kohlrabi plant (hybrid) with the Nano (Chitosan) and ...
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The research was conducted in one of the fields of the Department of Plant Production in the desert region affiliated with the Directorate of Agriculture of the Karbala Governorate for the purpose of studying the effect of spraying the shoots of the Kohlrabi plant (hybrid) with the Nano (Chitosan) and the Azotobacter bio inoculum on the roots of the plant seedlings in terms of growth indicators and yield for the autumn agricultural season. 2023-2024 ,The means were compared according to the Duncan multiple ranges test at significant to level of 0.05.with R.C.B.D . The first factor was spraying the shoots with Nano-Chitosan at a concentration of (0, 1, and 2) g L-1, two weeks after transplanting, and two sprays every 14 days. The second factor has three levels, the first is planting without a vaccine, the second is inoculating the seedling roots with Azotobacter at a level of 5 g , and the third level is inoculating with 10 grams of the biological factor. The results showed a significant superiority of the interaction treatment between the bio-addition of Azotobacter at a level of 5 g .and a concentration of 2 g of Nano-chitosan in the characteristics of each of the plant length 60 cm, the number of leaves 21.67 leaves. plant-1the leaf content of chlorophyll 77.59 mg 100 g -1, The Weight of the knobs cm plant-1 278.9 g , the total yield 14.87 ton . h -1, content of nitrogen 3.43% and the knobs content of protein 21.48% .
İSMAİL KARAKAŞ; FATMA AYKUT TONK
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 205-221
Abstract
The use of molecular marker technologies has significantly advanced biological sciences and plant genetic analysis, particularly in revealing individual variations in DNA sequence. Molecular markers are useful tools in plants, particularly in marker-assisted selection, genome-wide association studies ...
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The use of molecular marker technologies has significantly advanced biological sciences and plant genetic analysis, particularly in revealing individual variations in DNA sequence. Molecular markers are useful tools in plants, particularly in marker-assisted selection, genome-wide association studies and QTL identification that impacts complicated hereditary traits. As the development of genomic tools in plant breeding and our knowledge of plant genomes increases, rapid and high-throughput phenotyping methods continue to be discussed as significant improvement applications in plant breeding programs. Since quantitative traits such as yield traits, quality traits, and resistance to abiotic/biotic stress factors in plants are an element that determines the indirect effects of both genetic and environmental factors and their interactions, phenotyping is a critical element in crop development. High-throughput phenotyping methods capture changes in environmental factors more sensitively compared to traditional applications, and thus selection efficiency is successfully increased. Correct and ethical use of genomic technologies with high-throughput phenotyping techniques is critical for long-term success and sustainability in the agricultural sector. In this review, the use of molecular marker technologies developed in integration with plant breeding in mapping studies and studies on the use of high-throughput phenotyping technologies in plant breeding are discussed.
Mohammed Ala AL-Bayar; Bakaa Hazim Esmail; Safaa salah Hussein; Ahmed Majid
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 222-231
Abstract
The Study was conducted in College of Agriculture (University of Anbar) Quail field to study the following traits: growth hormone, T3, T4, and T.S.H. A total of 180 female Japanese quail, aged 90 days and raised in cages, were randomly distributed across 4 nutritional treatments in a completely randomized ...
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The Study was conducted in College of Agriculture (University of Anbar) Quail field to study the following traits: growth hormone, T3, T4, and T.S.H. A total of 180 female Japanese quail, aged 90 days and raised in cages, were randomly distributed across 4 nutritional treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment included 45 females, with three replicates per treatment, and each replicate contained 15 females, which were raised separately. The birds (females) were fed four types of diets representing the experimental treatments as follows: T1: the basal diet without added zinc, T2: the basal diet with the addition of 25 mg/kg of zinc, T3: the basal diet with the addition of 50 mg/kg of zinc, and T4: the basal diet with the addition of 75 mg/kg of zinc.The results indicated a significant increase at the (P ≤ 0.0001) level in the concentration of Growth Hormone (GH) in the blood serum at the 25 and 50 mg/kg zinc levels. A significant increase was also observed at the (P ≤ 0.0002) level in the concentration of Triiodothyronine (T3) at the 25 and 50 mg/kg zinc levels. Additionally, the results showed a significant increase at the (P ≤ 0.0025) level in the concentration of Tetraiodothyronine (T4) at the 25 mg/kg zinc level. There was also a significant increase at the (P ≤ 0.0001) level in the concentration of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) at the 25 and 50 mg/kg zinc levels compared to the control group.
Ammar Wael Saleh; Nofel Issa Muhaimid; Layth Mahmoud Yahya; Arkan Mohamed Amin Sedeeq; Ahmet Konuralp Eliçin
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 232-249
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of concave clearance and rotational speed on hammer-mill performance when grinding chickpeas. A response surface methodology (RSM) design approach was used to determine its suitability as a predictive approach for optimize chickpea flour production. The ...
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This study was conducted to determine the effects of concave clearance and rotational speed on hammer-mill performance when grinding chickpeas. A response surface methodology (RSM) design approach was used to determine its suitability as a predictive approach for optimize chickpea flour production. The evaluation was performed using two parameters, concave clearance (6 mm, and 9 mm for the manufactured screen) and rotation speeds of (2154 rpm, 4339 rpm) as test factors, while Power Consumption (PC), Productivity (P), Specific Capacity (SC), Specific Energy (SE), Average Granules diameter (AG) and Grinding Fineness (GF) were used as test indicators. A quadratic regression combination test was designed and a mathematical model between the test indicators and the test factors was constructed. All models were statistically significant and were validated with two independent variables. The model R2 for the responses was 0.87, 0.87, 0.71, 0.72, 0.91, and 0.93 for PC, P, SC, SE, AG, and GF, respectively. The results showed that the effect of concave clearance was significant for P, SC, SE, and AG; while PC, and GF were not significant. Furthermore, rotational speeds was significant for all indicators. The 9 mm concave clearance and the rotational speed of 4339 rpm were the most acceptable, so the new 9 mm concave clearance screen has a high productivity of 248.63 kg.h-1 and reasonable power consumption of 1.82 kW, which is aprpperate in feed quality and preservation. After optimization the hammer mill showed the best operating performance meeting the requirements of precision grinding of chickpeas.
Awad Jasim Alkalash
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 250-257
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the grapevine leafworm, both phenotypically using morphological characteristics of the larvae and molecularly using PCR techniques on larvae isolated from grape orchards in Al-Alam District, Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq. The study revealed that the collected larvae ...
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This study was conducted to identify the grapevine leafworm, both phenotypically using morphological characteristics of the larvae and molecularly using PCR techniques on larvae isolated from grape orchards in Al-Alam District, Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq. The study revealed that the collected larvae were Hippotion celerio, based on morphological characteristics observed by the researcher in the laboratory. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) gene was used for molecular identification.. The resulting amplification base pairs identified the insect as Hippotion celerio, with a 99.81% similarity to the sample identified in the United States. The record is registered under the global number KP720072.1. While collecting larvae from orchards, the researcher noticed that some larvae had been preyed upon by the red wasp Vespa orientalis L. Predation of the insect larvae by adult red wasps Vespa orientalis L. was observed with remarkable intensity. To date, no scientific sources have reported any association between these species, making this A new record of predation on grapevine leafworm larvae
Mahmood Awad Hussein; Adnan A. A. Luhaib; Adel A. A. Rajab; Marwan D. GHANAM
Volume 25, Issue 3 , September 2025, Pages 258-271
Abstract
Moldboard is one of the most important working parts of a plough; it is the most vulnerable to stress due to working through the soil. Thus, the study aimed to determine the extent of the moldboard's ability to withstand stress and bending torque. The stresses affecting the structure of the moldboards ...
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Moldboard is one of the most important working parts of a plough; it is the most vulnerable to stress due to working through the soil. Thus, the study aimed to determine the extent of the moldboard's ability to withstand stress and bending torque. The stresses affecting the structure of the moldboards were examined and analyzed under conditions similar to the field conditions in which the flip-flop moldboard plough operates, using the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the ANSYS software. The principal stresses, principal strains, and displacement ratio were adopted in the first stage. In the second stage of the study, the results were tested in the field to investigate the performance of two shapes of moldboards (standard - conventional and slatted moldboard) at two soil moisture contents (SMC) (10.23% and 16%) utilizing two forward speeds (4.96 and 6.20 km.h-1) to determine the impact of these factors on stress and bending moment. Theoretically, the slatted moldboard outperformed the conventional moldboard by 7% and 13% recording lower principal stress and lower principal strain, respectively. However, the conventional moldboard’s continuous surface offered greater structural stability, showing 45% less displacement. Practically, the results indicated that the stress increased when SMC decreased, and respond positively with speed. Meanwhile, the manufactured slatted moldboard recorded the lowest bending moment under all tested factors.
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